Diabetes in children is a chronic condition that affects the way the body processes blood glucose (sugar). There are two main types of diabetes in children:
Type 1 Diabetes
- About:Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the pancreas produces little or no insulin. It is the most common form of diabetes in children.
- Causes: The exact cause is unknown, but it involves genetic predisposition and autoimmune factors that lead to the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.
- Symptoms: Increased thirst, frequent urination, unintentional weight loss, fatigue, and blurred vision.
- Treatment: Insulin therapy is essential, along with monitoring blood sugar levels, managing diet, and physical activity.
Type 2 Diabetes
- About:Type 2 diabetes, once rare in children, is becoming more common due to rising rates of childhood obesity. In this type, the body either becomes resistant to insulin or does not produce enough insulin.
- Causes: T2DM often related to genetic and lifestyle factors e.g. obesity, poor diet, and lack of physical activity.
- Symptoms: Increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, dark patches of skin (acanthosis nigricans).
- Treatment: Lifestyle changes (healthy diet, exercise). Medication (like metformin) or insulin therapy may be needed.
Management of Diabetes in Children
- Monitoring: Regular blood sugar monitoring is critical for children with diabetes to maintain optimal glucose levels.
- Insulin Therapy: Children with type 1 diabetes require daily insulin injections or an insulin pump.
- Diet and Nutrition: A balanced diet with careful carbohydrate counting helps control blood sugar levels. Children should be encouraged to eat a variety of healthy foods.
- Physical Activity: Regular physical activity helps improve insulin sensitivity and control weight, which is especially important for children with type 2 diabetes.
- Education and Support: Diabetes education for the child and family is essential for effective management. Psychological support may be needed for children adjusting to life with diabetes.
Complications
- Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) – a life-threatening condition due to lack of insulin.
- Hypoglycaemia due to medications
- Long-term risks include damage to the heart, kidneys, eyes, and nerves.