@About this App @Contributers @Developer ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein) Testing AIDS Dementia Complex (HIV)AIDS HIV Infection APGAR Scoring (Children)APTT and Coagulation Abacavir Abatacept Abbreviated Mental Test Score (AMTS)Abciximab Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Abdominal paracentesis for ascites Abducent Nerve Abetalipoproteinaemia Abnormal Vaginal bleeding Acamprosate Acanthocytosis Acanthosis Nigricans Acarbose Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm Acetazolamide Acetylcholine Receptor Antibodies Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors Achalasia Achilles Tendon rupture Achondroplasia (Children)Aciclovir Acid maltase deficiency (Pompe disease)Acne Rosacea Acne Vulgaris Acoustic Neuroma (Schwannoma)Acrodermatitis enteropathica (Children)Acromegaly and Giantism Acromio-clavicular joint Actinomyces israeli Action Potential Activated Charcoal Actrapid (Insulin)Acute Abdominal Pain - Acute Peritonitis Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis Acute Anaphylactoid Reactions Acute Anaphylaxis Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma Acute Appendicitis Acute Bacterial Meningitis Acute Bronchitis Acute Cholangitis Acute Cholecystitis Acute Colonic Pseudo-obstruction Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) General Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) NSTEMI USA Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) STEMI Acute Coronary Syndrome (Cardiac Troponins)Acute Coronary Syndrome Grace score Acute Delirium Acute Disc lesions Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis Acute Diverticulitis - Diverticular disease Acute Dystonic Reaction Acute Encephalitis Acute Eosinophilic Pneumonia Acute Epiglottitis Acute Exacerbation of COPD Acute Hepatitis Acute Hydrocephalus Acute Hypotension Acute Inflammation Acute Intermittent Porphyria (AIP)Acute Interstitial nephritis Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)Acute Limb Ischaemia Acute Liver Failure Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL)Acute Mastoiditis Acute Monoarthritis Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML)Acute Myocarditis Acute Pancreatitis Acute Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Acute Pericarditis Acute Phase reactants Acute Porphyrias Acute Promyelocytic Leukaemia Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Adults)Acute Retroviral Syndrome (HIV)Acute Rhabdomyolysis Acute Rheumatic fever Acute Rotator cuff tear Acute Severe Asthma Acute Severe Colitis Acute Sinusitis Acute Stroke Assessment (ROSIER&NIHSS)Acute Tonsilitis Acute Urinary Retention Acute and Chronic Gout Acute and Chronic Heart Failure Acute on Chronic Liver Disease Decompensation Acutely Ill Patient Adalimumab Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised (ACER)Addison Disease (Adrenal Insufficiency)Adefovir Adenosine Adenosine deaminase deficiency Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder)Adjustment - Anxiety disorders Adrenal Antibodies Adrenal Physiology Adrenaline (Epinephrine)Adrenoleukodystrophy Adrenomyeloneuropathy Adult Onset Still's Disease African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping sickness)Age related macular degeneration Aicardi syndrome Air Embolism Albumin Albumin-Protein Creatinine Ratio (PCR)Alcohol Abuse Alcohol Withdrawal (Delirium Tremens)Alcoholic (Steato)Hepatitis Alcoholic Ketoacidosis Aldosterone Physiology Alendronate (Alendronic acid)Alfacalcidol Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)Alkalinisation of urine Alkaptonuria Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis Allogeneic stem cell transplantation Allopurinol Alogliptin (Vipidia)Alopecia Alpha Fetoprotein Alpha Thalassaemia Alpha subunit (ASU) of TSH Alpha-1 Antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency Alport's Syndrome Alteplase Altitude sickness Aluminium and Magnesium Antacids Alveolar Gas Equation Alzheimer disease (Dementia)Amantadine Amenorrhoea American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease)Amiloride Amino acids Aminoglycosides Aminophylline Aminosalicylates Amiodarone Amiodarone and Thyroid disease Amitriptyline Amlodipine Ammonia Encephalopathy Amnestic syndromes Amoebiasis (Entamoeba histolytica)Amoxicillin Amphetamine toxicity Amphotericin B Ampicillin Anaemia of Chronic Disease Anagrelide Anakinra Anal Cancer Andexanet alfa Androgen insensitivity syndrome Aneurysms Angina bullosa haemorrhagica Angiodysplasia Angiomyolipoma Angioneurotic Oedema Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Angiotensin Converting enzyme (ACE)Angular Stomatitis - Cheilitis Anion Gap Ankle and Foot fractures and Injuries Ankle-Brachial pressure Index (ABPI)Ankylosing spondylitis Anorexia Nervosa Antacid medication Antepartum haemorrhage Anterior Horn Cell diseases Anterior circulation Anti Dementia Drugs Anti-Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide (CCP) Antibody Anti-D immunoglobulin Anti-Hu antibodies Anti-OKT3 antibodies Anti-RNP Antibody Anti-Yo antibodies Anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)Antibiotics for Abdominal Infections Anticholinergic Burden Anticholinergic syndrome Anticipation Anticoagulation and Antithrombotics Antidiuretic hormone (Vasopressin)Antigen presenting cells Antimicrobial Choices Antimuscarinic drugs Antiphospholipid syndrome Antithrombin III deficiency (AT3)Aorta anatomy Aortic Dissection Aortic Regurgitation (Incompetence)Aortic Sclerosis Aortic Stenosis Aortoenteric fistula Apathetic thyrotoxicosis Apixaban Aplastic anaemia Apomorphine Appendix Cancer Tumours Approach to Assessing Sick Child Approach to child with Acute Gastroenteritis Approach to child with respiratory Distress Arnold Chiari malformation Arrhythmogenic Right ventricular Cardiomyopathy Artemisinins Arterial Blood gas analysis Arterial Pulse assessment Arterial blood gas sampling Arterial vs Venous vs Other Leg Ulcers Arteriovenous malformations Artery of Percheron stroke Artery-to-artery embolic stroke Artesunate Asbestos Related Lung disease Ascites Assessment and Management Aspergilloma Aspergillus fumigatus Aspirin Aspirin Salicylates toxicity Assessing Abdominal Pain Assessing Breathlessness Assessing Chest Pain Assessing Falls Asteatotic eczema Asthma Astigmatism Astrocytomas Asystole Ataxia Telangiectasia Atazanavir Atenolol Atherosclerosis Atopic Eczema or Atopic Dermatitis Atorvastatin Atracurium Atrial Ectopic beats Atrial Fibrillation (Chemical cardioversion)Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)Atrial fibrillation (AF)Atrial flutter Atrial myxoma Atrial septal defect (ASD)Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia Atropine Sulfate Autoantibodies Autoimmune Haemolytic anaemia (AIHA)Autoimmune Hepatitis Autonomic neuropathy Autosomal Dominant Autosomal Dominant Polycystic kidney disease Autosomal Recessive Azathioprine Azithromycin B lymphocytes BRCA genes (Familial Breast Cancer)Bacillus anthracis Bacillus cereus poisoning Backpain / Backache Baclofen Bacteria Bacteroides fragilis Balanitis (Adults)Balanitis (Children)Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN)Balsalazide (Aminosalicylate)Barrett's oesophagus Bartonella Bartters syndrome Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)Basic Fracture management Basilar artery thrombosis Becker Muscular dystrophy Beclometasone Beer Potomania Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia Behcet's syndrome Bell's palsy Bendroflumethiazide (Bendrofluazide)Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis Benzodiazepine Toxicity Benzodiazepines Benzylpenicillin Sodium (Penicillin G)Berg Balance Scale Beriplex Berylliosis Beta Agonists Beta Blocker toxicity Beta Thalassaemia Beta-2 Microglobulin Beta-lactamases Betahistine (Serc)Bezafibrate Biceps rupture Bilateral adrenalectomy Biliary atresia Bilirubin Biochemical Lab values Bisacodyl Bisoprolol Bisphosphonates Bladder Cancer Bladder Stones Bleeding Bleeding disorders Bleeding due to Drugs Bleomycin Blindness - global causes Blood products - Packed cells blood transfusion Blood Products - Cryoprecipitate Blood Products - Fresh Frozen Plasma Blood Products - Platelets Blood film interpretation Blood gas values Bloody Diarrhoea Blotting Techniques: Gel Electrophoresis Bone Marrow Transplantation Bone disease Lab results Bone metabolism RANK RANKL OPG pathway Bone scintigraphy (Bone scan)Bordetella pertussis - Whooping cough Borrelia burgdorferi Borrelia recurrentis Botulism Brachial neuritis (neuralgic amyotrophy)Brachial plexus anatomy Brachial plexus and associated injury Brain Abscess Brain Anatomy and function Brain MRI Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)Brain Physiology Brain Tumours (Cancer)Brainstem anatomy Branchial cleft cyst Breast Cancer Breast Fibroadenoma Bretylium Broad complex Tachycardia Bromocriptine Bronchial adenoma Bronchiectasis Bronchiolitis Bronchoscopy Brown-Sequard syndrome Brucella Brugada syndrome Budd-Chiari syndrome Budesonide Buerger disease (Thromboangiitis obliterans )Bulbar vs Pseudobulbar palsy Bulimia Nervosa Bullous Pemphigoid Bumetanide Bunions Buprenorphine Bupropion Burkholderia cepacia Burkitt's lymphoma Burns Busulphan (Busulfan)Byssinosis C reactive protein (CRP)CADASIL CARASIL CHADS2 - CHA2DS2-VASc score CMV retinitis CNS fungal Infections CNS infections CSF Rhinorrhoea CT Head Basics (Stroke)CT Pulmonary angiogram (CTPA)CT imaging basics for Stroke CURB 65 score Cabergoline Caecal Volvulus Caisson Disease - Decompression sickness Calcitonin Calcitriol (1,25 Dihydroxycholecalciferol)Calcium Chloride or Gluconate Calcium Physiology Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition (Pseudogout)Calcium Resonium Calcium channel blockers toxicity Calot's triangle Campylobacter Cancer of Unknown Primar Candesartan Candidiasis Cannabis toxicity Capecitabine Capnocytophaga canimorsus Capnography Capreomycin Captopri Carbamazepine Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae Carbimazole Carbon monoxide poisoning Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)Carcinoid Heart Disease Carcinoid Tumour Syndrome Carcinoma of the Bile Duct Carcinoma of the Gallbladder Cardiac Amyloid heart disease Cardiac Anatomy and Physiology Cardiac Catheter ablation Cardiac Infections Cardiac MRI Cardiac Resynchronisation Therapy (CRT) Pacemaker Cardiac Valve replacement Cardioembolic stroke Cardiogenic Pulmonary Oedema Cardiogenic shock Cardiology - History Taking Cardiology Exam List Cardiology Examination Cardiology Valves Summary Cardiopulmonary bypass Carmustine Carotid Artery anatomy Carotid Body Tumour Carotid Endarterectomy Carotid Sinus Syncope Carotid Stenting Carotid artery Dissection Carotid sinus massage Carpal tunnel syndrome Carvedilol Case 01 Sudden weakness Case 02 Loss of speech Case 03 Adult male weak legs Case 04 High calcium Case 05 High Potassium and heart failure Case 06 High calcium and weight loss Case 07 Weak eyes Case 08 Weak face Case 09 A cause of Delirium Case 10 Older patient presenting post stroke Case 11 Young patient with acute headache Case 20 Young patient with acute headache Case 21 Hypoglycaemia Case 22 Case 23 Old man with tremor Case 24 Cancer and weak Case 99 (Acute breathlessness)Case Template Cat Scratch Disease Cataract Catheter Related Urinary Tract infection UTI Catheter related Blood stream infection Catheter related UTI Cauda equina syndrome Caudate Nucleus Causes of Airway Obstruction Causes of Avascular Necrosis of Femoral head Causes of Sore throat Causes of Weakness Cavernous angiomas (Cavernomas)Cavernous sinus Cavernous sinus thrombosis Cefaclor Cefalexin Cefotaxime Ceftazidime Ceftriaxone Cefuroxime Celecoxib Cell Response to Injury Cellular Anatomy and Physiology Cellulitis Central Cord Syndrome Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO)Central Retinal artery Occlusion (CRAO)Central Venous line Insertion Central pontine myelinolysis Cephalosporins Cerebellar Anatomy Physiology Signs Disease Cerebellar Haemorrhage Cerebellar Stroke Cerebral Amyloid angiopathy (CAA)Cerebral Aneurysms Cerebral Angiitis Cerebral Atrophy vs Hydrocephalus Cerebral Cortex Cerebral Metastases Cerebral Palsy Cerebral Perfusion Cerebral Salt Wasting Cerebral Venous Sinus thrombosis Cerebral arteritis Cerebral microbleeds Cervical Cancer screening Cervical Spine injury Cervical cancer Cervical spondylosis Cetirizine Chancroid Charcot Foot Syndrome (CFS)Charcot Marie Tooth (CMT) disease Chediak Higashi syndrome Chest Abdomen anatomy Chest X Ray #1 Chest X Ray Interpretation Chest drain Insertion Chlamydia - Chlamydophila pneumoniae Chlamydia psittaci Chlamydia trachomatis Chlorambucil Chloramphenicol Chlordiazepoxide Chloroquine Chlorphenamine(Chlorpheniramine)Chlorpromazine Cholangiocarcinoma Cholera (Vibrio cholera)Cholestatic Jaundice Cholesteatoma Cholesterol - Lipids Cholinergic crisis-syndrome Chondrocalcinosis Chorea - Ballismus Choreoacanthocytosis Chromosome instability syndromes Chronic Bronchitis Chronic Hepatitis Chronic Inflammation Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating polyneuropathy Chronic Interstitial Nephritis Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)Chronic Lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML)Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)Chronic Pancreatitis Chronic Peritonitis Chronic Radiation Enteritis Chronic Urinary Retention Chronic Vision Uni-Bilateral loss (Blindness)Chronic and recurrent Meningitis Chronic liver disease Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis Chronic stable angina Chylomicrons Ciclosporin Cimetidine Cinacalcet Ciprofloxacin Cirrhosis Cisplatin Citalopram Cladribine Clarithromycin Cleft lip or palate Clindamycin Clopidogrel Clostridium botulinum Clostridium difficile Clostridium perfringens Clostridium tetani - Tetanus Clotrimazole cream Clotting pathways Clozapine Co Careldopa (Sinemet)Co-Amoxiclav (Augmentin)Co-Beneldopa (Madopar)Co-codamol Co-trimoxazole Coagulopathy Coal Worker's Pneumoconiosis Coarctation of the Aorta (CoA aortopathy)Cocaine abuse Cocaine induced chest pain Cocaine toxicity Coccidioidomycosis Codeine Coeliac disease Cogan Syndrome Colchicine Cold Agglutinin Disease (CAD/AIHA)Collagen Colloid cyst in the third ventricle Colloids Colonic (Large bowel) Obstruction Colonoscopy Colorectal cancer Colorectal polyps Colposcopy Coma management Combined Oral contraceptive pill (COCP)Common Peroneal Nerve (CPN)Common variable immunodeficiency Comparing Rheumatoid and Osteoarthritis Complement Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA)Confirming Death Congenital Acyanotic Heart Disease (Children)Congenital Adrenal hyperplasia Congenital Complete Heart Block Congenital Cyanotic Heart Disease (Children)Congenital Hypothyroidism Congenital Talipes Equinovarus - Clubfoot Constipation Constrictive Pericarditis Contact allergic dermatitis Continuous Positive Airways Pressure (CPAP)Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis Contraception Conus Medullaris syndrome Cor Pulmonale Coronary artery bypass graft surgery Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID 19 Corticobasal degeneration (Dementia)Corticosteroid-related psychosis Corticosteroids Corynebacterium diphtheriae Cotard delusion Coxiella Burnetii Cranial nerves and examination Craniopharyngioma Creatinine Clearance Cremation forms (UK)Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (Dementia)Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever Critical illness neuromuscular weakness Crohn's disease Croup Cryptococcus neoformans infections Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis Cryptogenic Organising Pneumonia (COP-BOOP)Cryptosporidiosis Crysal arthritis Crystalloids Cushing disease Cushing syndrome Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Cyanide toxicity Cyanosis - Central and Peripheral Cyclizine Cyclo-oxygenase (COX) enzymes Cyclophosphamide Cycloserine Cys leukotriene receptor antagonists Cystic Fibrosis Cystinosis Cystinuria Cytokines Cytomegalovirus infections D Dimer DNA and RNA short notes DNA replication Dabigatran Dalteparin Dandy Walker syndrome Dantrolene Dapagliflozin Darier's Disease Darunavir DeQuervain's thyroiditis Death Certificates (UK)Deep brain stimulation Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)Dehydration Physiology Delayed Puberty Criteria Demeclocycline Dementia with Lewy bodies Dementias Demyelinating Diseases Dengue Fever Denosumab (Prolia)Dental Anatomy Dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy Depression Dermatitis Herpetiformis Dermatology terms Dermatomes Dermatomyositis Dermoid cysts Desferrioxamine Desmopressin (DDAVP)Desogestrel (Progestogen Only Pill)Developmental Dislocation (Dysplasia) of the Hip Developmental Milestones Dexamethasone DiGeorge syndrome (thymic aplasia)Diabetes Insipidus (Cranial and Nephrogenic)Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 and DKA (children)Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in pregnancy Diabetes on the ward Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy (DAN)Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Adults Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) with SGLT2 Inhibitors Diabetic Nephropathy Diabetic Retinopathy Diabetic amyotrophy Diabetic foot Diamond-Blackfan anaemia Diamorphine Diaphragmatic disorders Diarrhoea Diazepam Didanosine (ddI)Diethylstilbestrol Differentials causes of Foot Drop Differentials of ABC Differentials of Generalised lymphadenopathy Differentials of Painful thigh Differentials of XXX Diffuse Oesophageal spasm Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma Diffusion Capacity Digoxin Digoxin Toxicity Dihydrocodeine Dilated cardiomyopathy Diltiazem Diphtheria Dipyridamole Discharges against advice Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE)Disease template Diseases with associated cancers Dislocation Sternoclaivcular joint Disopyramide Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)Distributive Shock Disulfiram (Antabuse)Dobutamine Dog Bites Dog Bites Hand Dominant R wave in V1 Domperidone Donepezil (Aricept)Donovanosis Dopamine Hydrochloride Dopamine agonists Down's syndrome (Trisomy 21)Doxapram Doxazosin (Cardura)Doxepin Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)Doxycycline Driving Drowning Drug Induced Parkinson disease Drug Reaction Eosinophilia Systemic Symptoms DRESS Drug Template Drug Toxicity - clinical assessment Drug Toxicity with Specific Antidotes Drug induced Lupus Erythematosus Drug induced liver disease Drugs Drugs List Drugs to Avoid in Acute Renal failure Drugs to avoid Elderly Drugs to avoid in Liver failure Dry and Wet Gangrene Dual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)Duchenne muscular dystrophy Dulaglutide GLP-1 agonist Duloxetine Duodenal Atresia (Children)Dupuytrens contracture Dysentery Dysphagia ECG - Acute Coronary Syndrome ECG - Acute ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction ECG - Atrial fibrillation ECG - Atrial flutter ECG - Basics ECG - Broad complex tachycardia (possible VT)ECG - Brugada syndrome ECG - Causes of a Dominant R wave in V1 ECG - Early Repolarisation vs STEMI ECG - First degree AV Block ECG - Heart Block ECG - Hyperkalaemia ECG - Interpretation ECG - Ischaemic Heart Disease ECG - Left Axis Deviation ECG - Left Bundle Branch Block LBBB ECG - Left Ventricular Hypertrophy ECG - Low Voltage Complexes ECG - Narrow complex tachycardia ECG - Normal appearance ECG - Pathological Q waves ECG - QT interval ECG - Right Axis Deviation ECG - Right Bundle Branch Block RBBB ECG - ST-T T waves changes ECG - Supraventricular tachycardia ECG - The QRS complex ECG - Tutorial from Queens University ECG - Ventricular fibrillation ECG - Ventricular tachycardia ECG - Wolff Parkinson White syndrome (WPW)ECG - short PR interval ECG - sinus pause ECG - tall R wave V1 ENT Exam - Assessing hearing ENT infections Ebola Virus Disease Ebstein anomaly Echinocytes Echocardiogram Ecstasy toxicity Ectopia lentis (subluxation of the lens)Ectopic Pregnancy Ectropion Eculizumab Edoxaban (Lixiana)Edward syndrome (trisomy 18 syndrome)Efavirenz (Sustiva) EFV Ehlers-Danlos syndromes Ehrlichiosis Eikenella corrodens Eisenmenger's syndrome (Children)Elbow fractures and Injuries Electrical injury Eloquent brain Emergency Drugs Emphysema Empty sella syndrome Emtricitabine (Emtriva) FTC Enalapril End of Life Care Prescribing Endocarditis and Stroke Endocrinology Lab values Endometrial (Uterine) Cancer Endometriosis Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography X Endothelins Enfuvirtide Enoxaparin Sodium (Clexane-Lovenox)Enoximone Entacapone Enterococci Enteropathic Spondyloarthritis Enzyme inducers and inhibitors Eosinophilic granulomatosis (Churg Strauss)Ependymoma Epidural Haematoma Epidural abscess Epilepsy - General Management Epilepsy - Idiopathic Generalised Epilepsy Epilepsy - Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy Epilepsy - Post Traumatic Epilepsy in Pregnancy Episcleritis Epistaxis Eplerenone Eponymous brainstem strokes Epstein-Barr Virus infection Equivalent doses of Opiates Erb Palsy Ergocalciferol (Calciferol)Erlotinib (Tarceva)Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Erythema Multiforme Erythema Nodosum Erythrocyte Sedimentation rate (ESR)Erythrocytes Erythrodermic Psoriasis Erythromycin Escherichia coli Escitalopram Esomeprazole Essential Thrombocythaemia (ET)Essential Tremor Etanercept Ethambutol Ethanol Ethanol toxicity Ethylene glycol toxicity Etomidate Etravirine (intelence) ETR Ewing sarcoma Exenatide (Byetta) GLP1 agonist Exercise stress test Exploding head syndrome Extradural haematoma Extrapyramidal symptoms Extrinsic Allergic alveolitis (Hypersensitivity)Eye infections Ezetimibe Fabry disease Facial Nerve Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy Factor V Leiden Deficiency Faecal Calprotectin Fahr syndrome Failure to thrive or Faltering growth Familial Adenomatous polyposis (FAP)Familial Amyloidosis Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF)Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia (FHH)Family Tree (Pedigree)Famotidine Fanconi Anaemia Fanconi Syndrome Fat embolism Fatigue - Causes Fatty acids Febrile seizures Felodipine (Dihydropyridine)Femoral Hernia Femoral triangle Femur fractures and Inuries Fentanyl - Fentanil Ferritin Ferrous Fumarate - Gluconate - Sulphate Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Fetal circulation Fever - Pyrexia of unknown origin (FUO PUO)Fever in a traveller Fibrates Fibrinogen Fibromuscular dysplasia Fibromyalgia Fidaxomicin Finasteride (5 alpha-reductase inhibitor)First Seizure Fitz-Hugh Curtis Syndrome Flail Chest Flecainide Acetate Flexor sheath infection (flexor tenosynovitis)Flucloxacillin Fluconazole Flucytosine Fludrocortisone Fluid balances status Flumazenil (Annexate - Romazicon)Fluoxetine Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)Foix-Alajouanine syndrome Folate (Folic) acid Folate deficiency Folinic acid (Leucovorin)Fomepizole Fondaparinux Food borne disease Foscarnet Sodium Fosfomycin Fosphenytoin Foster Kennedy Syndrome Fournier's gangrene Fracture Template Fractured Clavicle Fractured Neck of Femur Fractured Pubic Ramus Fractured Scapula Fractured Shaft Femur Fractured Tibia and Fibula Fractures Shaft Humerus Fractures in Children Fractures of Upper humerus Fragile X syndrome Frailty Fraser guidelines and Gillick Competence Free Radicals Friedreich's Ataxia Frontotemporal dementia Full or Complete Blood Count (FBC CBC)Fungi Furosemide (Frusemide)Fusidic acid Fusobacteria - Tropical ulcer Fusobacterium G protein-coupled receptors GP Emergency Drugs Carried Gabapentin Galactorrhoea Galantamine Gamete intra-fallopian tube transfer (GIFT)Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT)Gamma hydroxy butyrate (GHB) toxicity Ganciclovir - Valganciclovir Gardner syndrome Gardnerella vaginalis Gas Gangrene Gastric (MALT) Lymphoma Gastric Cancer Gastric Outlet obstruction (pyloric stenosis)Gastrinoma Gastro Intestinal Stromal Tumours (GIST)Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux (Adult GORD)Gastro-Oesophgeal Reflux (Paediatrics GORD)Gastroenteritis Gastroenterology Exam Lists Gastroenterology Examination Gastroenterology History Gastroenterology assessment - Jaundice Gastrointestinal anatomy and physiology Gastrointestinal perforation Gastrostomy (PEG) tubes Gaucher's disease Gene components Genetic Diseases Gentamicin Giardiasis Gilbert's syndrome Gingival (Gum) hyperplasia-hypertrophy Gitelman's syndrome Glasgow Blatchford Score Glasgow Coma scale Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone)Glibenclamide Gliclazide Glimepiride Glipizide Globus Pallidus Glomerulonephritis Glossitis Glucagon Glucagonoma Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency Glucose Tolerance Test Glutamate Glycated Haemoglobin Glyceryl Trinitrate (GTN)Glycogen storage diseases Glycolysis_Krebs_Electron_Transport_Chain Glycopyrronium Bromide Goitre Golfer's Elbow Golimumab (Simponi)Goodpasture's syndrome (Anti GBM disease)Goserelin (Zoladex)Gradenigo's syndrome Grades of Recommendation Gram Stain Granuloma annulare Granulomatosis with Polyangitis GPA (Wegener)Graves Disease Griseofulvin Growth Hormone Deficiency Guillain Barre Syndrome Gum hypertrophy Guthrie test New Born blood spot Gynaecological History Taking Gynaecomastia HAS-BLED score HIV and Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)HIV and Pre-exposure prophylaxis HIV associated nephropathy (HIVAN)HIV disease Assessment HTLV-1 Associated myelopathy Haematemesis Haematology Examination - Splenomegaly Haematology Lab values Haematuria Mild to Severe Haemodialysis Haemoglobins Haemolysis Haemolytic Anaemia Haemolytic Uraemic syndrome Haemolytic disease of the newborn Haemophilia A Haemophilia B Haemophilus aegyptius Haemophilus ducreyi Haemophilus influenzae Haemophilus parainfluenzae Haemopoiesis Haemorrhagic Transformation Haemorrhagic stroke Haemorrhoids (Piles)Hairy Cell Leukaemia Hairy Leukoplakia Hallervorden-Spatz disease (PKAN)Haloperidol Hamman-Rich syndrome Hand foot and mouth disease Hand fractures and Injuries Hantavirus infections Hartmann's solution (Ringer's lactate)Hartnup disease*Hashimoto's (Steroid responsive) Encephalopathy Hashimoto's thyroiditis HbA1c Head (Brain) Injury Head and Neck Cancers Headache - Analgesic overuse Headache - Assessing Acute and Severe Headache - Basilar Migraine Headache - Cluster Headache - Low CSF pressure Headache - Migraine Headache - Tension Headaches - General Hearing aids Heat Stroke Helicobacter pylori Helvetica Spotted fever Hemicraniectomy Henoch-Schonlein purpura Heparin - General Heparin - Low Molecular Weight Heparin Heparin - Unfractionated Heparin Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)Hepatic Encephalopathy Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Hepatitis D Hepatitis E Hepatocellular Carcinoma Hepatorenal syndromes Hereditary Elliptocytosis Hereditary Haemochromatosis Hereditary Haemorrhagic Telangiectasia Hereditary Spastic Paraparesis Hereditary Spherocytosis Hereditary angio-oedema Hereditary neuropathy with pressure palsies Hereditary non polyposis coli (Lynch syndrome)Herpes Gestationis Herpes Simplex Herpes Simplex Encephalitis (HSV)Herpes Viruses Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus (HZO) Shingles Herpes simplex keratitis (HSK)Heyde syndrome Hiatus hernia Hiccups (Singultus)High Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test Hip pain in children Hirschsprung disease (congenital megacolon)Hirsuitism XXX Histones Histoplasmosis Hodgkin Lymphoma Holt-Oram syndrome Holter monitor (tape) 24-72 h Homocystinuria Hookworm Horner's syndrome Hospital acquired Pneumonia (NICE 139)Human albumin solution (HAS)Human prion diseases Humeral fractures and injuries Hunter's syndrome (MPS-2)Huntington Chorea Hurler's syndrome (MPS-1)Hydatid disease (Echinococcus)Hydatidiform mole Hydralazine Hydrocortisone Hydrogen Bonds Hydrops fetalis Hydroxocobalamin Hydroxocobalamin - Cyanocobalamin (B12)Hydroxychloroquine Hydroxyurea-Hydroxycarbamide Hyoscine (Buscopan)Hyper IgM syndrome Hyperbaric Oxygen therapy Hypercalcaemia Hyperglycaemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS)Hyperinsulinaemic-euglycemic therapy (HIET)Hyperkalaemia Hyperkalaemic and Hypokalaemic Periodic Paralysis Hypermagnesaemia Hypernatraemia Hyperphosphataemia (High phosphate)Hyperprolactinaemia Hypersensitivity reactions Hypertension Hypertension in Pregnancy Hypertriglyceridaemia (HTG)Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM - HOCM)Hyperventilation Syndrome Hyperviscosity syndrome Hypocalcaemia Hypoglycaemia Hypogonadism (Female)Hypogonadism (male)Hypokalaemia Hypokalaemic Periodic Paralysis Hypomagnesaemia Hyponatraemia Hypoparathyroidism Hypophosphataemia (Low phosphate)Hypopituitarism (Pituitary Failure)Hypospadias Hypothermia Hypothyroidism Hypovolaemic or Haemorrhagic Shock IL-12 receptor deficiency IV Immunoglobulin Ibandronic acid (Bisphosphonate)Ibuprofen Icatibant Idiopathic Intracranial hypertension Idiopathic Parkinson disease Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis IgA Nephropathy (Berger's disease)Images - Spot diagoses Imatinib mesylate Imipenem (Primaxin) with Cilastin Immune Reconstitution Syndrome Immune(Idiopathic) Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD)Impetigo Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)Impulse control disorders Inclusion Body Myositis Incubation periods Indapamide Indinavir (IND)Infection screening in Septic patient Infections and their Microbial cause Infectious Mononucleosis Infective Conjunctivitis Infective Endocarditis Infertility Infliximab Influenza Inguinal Hernia Initial Trauma Assessment Injury Severity Score (ISS)Insomnia - sleep issues Insulin Insulinoma Interferon Beta Intermittent Claudication Internal Capsule Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia Interpreting Haematinics Interstitial Keratitis Intestinal obstruction (Children)Intra Aortic Balloon Pump Intraabdominal abscess Intracerebral Haemorrhage (ICH) Score Intracranial HypertensionX Intravenous Iron Replacement (Ferrous)Intraventricular haemorrhage (neonates)Intubation and Mechanical Ventilation Intussusception (Adults)Intussusception (Children)Iodine deficiency Goitre Ipratropium Bromide (Atrovent)Irbesartan Iron Salts Iron deficiency Anaemia Iron toxicity Irritable bowel syndrome Ischaemic Colitis Ischaemic Stroke Ischaemic heart disease Isoniazid Isoprenaline Isosorbide Dinitrate Isosorbide mononitrate Isotretinoin (Accutane)Ispaghula Husk (Fybogel)Ivabradine Jansen Disease Janus kinase 2 Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome Job Syndrome (Hyper IgE syndrome)Jugular Venous Pressure (JVP)Junctional Tachycardia Juvenile Dermatomyositis Juvenile Idiopathic arthritis (Stills Disease)Juvenile Myoclonic epilepsy (JME)Kallmann's syndrome Kaposi sarcoma (KS)Karnofsky performance status scale Kawasaki disease Kennedy Syndrome Keratoconus Kernicterus Ketamine Ketoconazole Klebsiella pneumonia Klinefelter Syndrome (Children)Klumpke palsy Knee fractures and Injuries Koebner phenomenon Kugelberg Welander syndrome Kwashiorkor L-Thyroxine (T4)Labetalol (Trandate)Labyrinthitis - Vestibular Neuronitis Lactate Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)Lactic acidosis Lactobacillus acidophilus Lactose Intolerance Lactulose Lady Windermere syndrome Lambert-Eaton syndrome (LEMS)Lamivudine (3TC)Lamotrigine Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis X Lansoprazole Lanthanum Lateral Medullary Syndrome Laxatives Le Fort Fractures Lead toxicity Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)Leflunomide Legal definition of Blindness Legionella pneumophila Leishmaniasis (Cutaenous and Visceral)Lemierre's syndrome Lenalidomide (Revlimid)Length Dependent Polyneuropathy Lennox-Gastaut syndrome Lenticulostriate branch occlusion Leprosy Leptin Leptospira interrogans Leptospirosis (Weil's Disease) (Notifiable)Leriche syndrome (aortoiliac occlusive disease)Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (Children)Leukaemia Leukaemias in General Leukoariosis Leukocytoclastic vasculitis Leukotrienes Levetiracetam (Keppra)Levodopa Levomepromazine Levosimendan Li Fraumeni syndrome Lichen Planus Liddle's syndrome Lidocaine(Lignocaine)Lightning strike Limb girdle dystrophy Limbic Encephalitis Linagliptin (Trajenta)Linezolid Linkage Liothyronine Sodium L-Triodothyronine (T3)Lipid emulsion therapy - Intralipid Lipid management [NICE 2014]Lipoatrophy Lipoprotein lipase deficiency Liraglutide (Victoza)Lisinopril Listerial Meningitis Listeriosis Lithium Lithium toxicity Livedo Reticularis Liver Anatomy Physiology Liver Biopsy Liver Function Tests Liver Transplantation Liver abscess Liver disease in Pregnancy Localisation of cortical function Lofepramine Long QT syndrome (LQTS) Acquired Long QT syndrome (LQTS) Congenital Long term Oxygen therapy (LTOT)Loop diuretics Looser's zones Loperamide Lopinavir Loratadine Lorazepam Losartan Low Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding Lugol iodine Lumbar puncture and CSF interpretation Lumbrosacral radiculopathy Lung Abscess Lung Cancer Lung Compliance Lung Empyema Lung Transplant Lupus Nephritis Lupus Vulgaris Lyme disease Lymphocytic Hypophysitis Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV)Lyonization Lysosomal storage diseases MCune Albright syndrome MELAS Macrocytic anaemia Macroglossia Magnesium Physiology Magnesium Sulphate - Sulfate Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography Magnetic resonance imaging Major Histocompatibility complex Malabsorption - small intestine Malaria (non falciparum)Malaria Falciparum Male Infertility Male Urethral Catheterisation Male erectile dysfunction Malignant Ascites Malignant Hyperpyrexia (Malignant Hyperthermia)Malignant Hypertension Malignant Melanoma Malignant pleural mesothelioma Mallet Finger Mallory-Weiss Tear Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool Mania Mannitol Mantle cell lymphoma Marantic Endocarditis Marasmus Maraviroc (Celsentri)Marfan syndrome Marginal Zone Lymphoma Massive Haemoptysis Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)McArdles disease (type V)Measles (notifiable)Mebeverine Meckel's diverticulum Meconium Median Nerve Medical Mnemonics Basic Sciences Medical Mnemonics Cardiology Medical Mnemonics Endocrine Medical Mnemonics Mental Health Medical Mnemonics Miscellaneous Medical Mnemonics Neurology Medical Procedures Medical Teeth Medullary Sponge kidney Medulloblastoma Mefenamic acid Mefloquine (Larium)Megaloblastic anaemia Melatonin Melioidosis Memantine Hydrochloride Membranous Glomerulonephritis Menetrier disease Meniere disease Meningioma Meningitis in the Immunocompromised Menopause Menstrual cycle Mental Capacity Act 2005 Mental Health Act 1983 Mental State Examination Mercaptopurine Meropenem Mesalazine (Aminosalicylate)Mesangiocapillary Glomerulonephritis Mesenteric infarction Metabolic Syndrome X Metabolic acidosis Metabolic alkalosis Metachromic leucodystrophy Metastatic Adenocarcinoma Metastatic bone disease Metformin Methaemoglobinaemia Methanol Toxicity Methodone Methods to reduce toxin absorption Methotrexate Methylcellulose Methylprednisolone Metoclopramide Metolazone Metoprolol Metronidazole (Flagyl)Metyrapone (Metopirone)Miconazole Microangiopathic Haemolytic anaemia Microcytic anaemia Microscopic Polyangiitis Microscopic colitis Microstomia Midazolam Middle East Resp Syndrome (MERS) Coronavirus Midodrine Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS)Miller-Fisher syndrome Milwaukee shoulder syndrome Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE)Minimal Change Disease Glomerulonephritis Minocycline Minoxidil Mirabegron Mirizzi syndrome Mirtazapine Miscarriage Misoprostol Mitochondrial diseases Mitral Regurgitation (Incompetence)Mitral Stenosis Mitral Stenosis vs Regurgitation - Dominance Mitral Valve prolapse Mittleschmerz Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD)Mobility aids Modified Duke Criteria for Endocarditis Modified Oxford Handicap Scale (MOHS)Modified Rankin Score Molluscum contagiosum Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance Monocular loss of vision Monocytes Monosodium glutamate (MSG) syndrome Montelukast Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA)Moraxella catarrhalis Morphine Sulphate Mosquito borne diseases Motor Neuron Disease (MND-ALS)Moyamoya disease Mucormycosis Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia Multifocal Motor Neuropathy with Conduction block Multiple Antithrombotics Anticoagulants Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 1 (MEN1)Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type II (MEN2)Multiple Myeloma Multiple Pregnancy Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Demyelination Multiple System Atrophy (MSA)Mumps (Notifiable)Muscles of the Abdominal Region Muscles of the Back Muscles of the Head and Neck Muscles of the Lower Limb Muscles of the Pelvis and Perineum Muscles of the Thoracic Region Muscles of the Upper limb Myasthenia Gravis Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Mycophenolate mofetil Mycoplasma pneumoniae Mycoplasmas Mycosis Fungoides (Sezary Syndrome)Myelodysplastic syndrome (Myelodysplasia)Myelofibrosis Myelofibrosis vs CML Myelopathy Myeloproliferative disorders Myobacterium avium Complex Infection Myocardial perfusion Myoclonus Myotonic dystrophy - Dystropica myotonica Myxoedema coma N-Acetylcysteine (Parvolex)NEWS Reacting to Low Oxygen Saturations NICE Guidelines Links NICE Trauma Guidance Summary 2016 NSAID toxicity Naloxone (Narcan) Opiate antagonist Naproxen Narcolepsy Nasal polyps Nasogastric tube insertion Natalizumab (Tysabri)National Early Warning Score NEWS 2 Score Neck Pain Neck swellings and lumps Necrotising Enterocolitis (Infants)Necrotising fasciitis Needlestick injury Nefopam Neisseria gonorrhoeae Neisseria meningitidis Nelson Syndrome Neomycin Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome NAS Neonatal Jaundice Neonatal Lupus Erythematosus Neonatal meningitis Neostigmine Nephritic syndrome Nephroblastoma (Wilm's tumour)Nephrotic syndrome Nephrotoxic drugs Nerve conduction studies Nerve fibres Neuroanatomy 101 Neuroanatomy images Neuroblastoma Neurocysticercosis Neuroferrinopathy Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Neurofibromatosis Type 2 Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Neurological - Relative Afferent pupillary defect Neurological - Vision and Eye movements Neurological Examination - Cognition Neurological Examination - Cortical Functions Neurological Examination - Motor Neurological Examination - Sensory Neurological Examination - Speech&Language Neurological Lists Neurological assessment - Ptosis Neurological examination - Eyes Neurological or ENT Examination - Nystagmus Neurology - History taking Neurology Exam - Reflex findings Neuromyelitis optica*Neuropathic Pain Management Neurotransmitters Neutropenia Neutropenic Sepsis Neutrophil Alkaline Phosphatase Neutrophils Nevirapine (Viramune) NEV-NVP Niacin deficiency (Pellagra Vitamin B6)Nicardipine (Cardene)Nicorandil Niemann-Pick disease Nifedipine Nimodipine (Nimotop)Nitric Oxide Nitrofurantoin Nitrous oxide Nizatidine Nocardia Noise induced hearing loss Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease NAFLD Non Convulsive Status Epilepticus Non Hodgkin Lymphoma Non alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)Non gonococcal urethritis Non invasive ventilation (NIV)Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)Non sustained Ventricular tachycardia Noonan syndrome Noradrenaline Normal Distribution Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Normal Saline 0.9%Normocytic anaemia Nortriptyline Nosocomial infections Notifiable disease and organisms UK Nutrition in Infants Breatsfeeding Nystatin OSCE - Administer IV Injection OSCE - Blood culture OSCE - Venepuncture OSCE - Venous Cannula Insertion Obsessive-Compulsive disorder Obstetric definitions Obstructive Shock Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Octreotide Oculomotor Nerve (IIIrd Cranial Nerve)Oedema Oesophageal Carcinoma Oesophageal Perforation - Rupture Oesophageal Variceal Bleeding Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy Olanzapine Olfactory Nerve (I)Oligodendroglioma Olmersartan Olsalazine (Aminosalicylate)Omalizumab Omeprazole Onchocerciasis Oncogenic viruses Oncological emergencies Ondansetron One Table Template Ophthalmology Exam Lists Opiate Toxicity Opiates Opicapone Opioid toxicity Optic Neuritis-Neuropathy Optic atrophy Optic tract anatomy Oral Aphthous Ulcers Oral Candidiasis Oral Leukoplakia Orbital vs Preorbital Cellulitis Organism and sensitivities Organophosphate (OP) Poisoning Orphenadrine Orthopaedic infections Orthostatic - Postural hypotension Oscillopsia Oseltamivir - Tamiflu Osteoarthritis Osteogenesis Imperfecta Osteogenic sarcoma (Osteosarcoma)Osteomalacia-Rickets-Vitamin D Osteomyelitis Osteonecrosis of the jaw Osteopetrosis Osteoporosis Otitis Externa (Malignant)Otitis Media Otosclerosis Ottawa rules for ankle and foot x-ray Ovarian Cancer Ovarian Cyst Ovary Oxford community stroke project (Bamford)Oxybutynin (Ditropan)Oxycodone (Oxycontin-Oxynorm)Oxygen delivery devices Oxytetracycline PEDIS Score for Diabetic Foot Ulcers POEMS syndrome Pabrinex Pacemaker DDD Pacemaker VVI Pacemaker syndrome Pacemakers Pacing - Indications for temporary pacing Paediatric emergencies Paediatrics Paget's (Bone) disease Pain Management Painful Shoulder syndromes Palliatiion - Nausea Dyspnoea Secretions Pain Palliation prescribing Palpitations Pamidronate (Bisphosphonate)Pancoast tumour (Cancer)Pancreatic Cancer Panton-Valentine leucocidin toxin Pantoprazole Papilloedema Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)Paracetamol toxicity Paradoxical embolisation Paraneoplastic Encephalitis with NMDA antibodies Paraneoplastic Limbic Encephalitis (Dementia)Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration Paraphimosis Paraquat toxicity Parkinson Plus syndromes Parkinsonism Paronychia Paroxetine Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria Parvovirus (Erythrovirus 19) B19 infection Pasteurella multocida Patau syndrome (trisomy 13)Patent Ductus arteriosus (PDA) (Children)Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO)Pathogen - pattern recognition receptors Pathological bone fracture Pegvisomant Pelvic fractures Pemphigus Vulgaris Penetrating Abdominal Trauma Penetrating Thoracic Trauma Penicillamine Penicillins Penile Cancer Peptic ulcer disease Percutaenous Coronary Intervention (PCI ACS)Pergolide Pericardial Effusion_Tamponade Perimesencephalic Subarachnoid haemorrhage Perindopril Perinephric abscess Perioperative Anticoagulation Peripartum cardiomyopathy Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)Peripheral Cannula Insertion Peripheral Nerve Palsies*Peripheral neuropathy Peripherally inserted central catheters Pernicious anaemia Perthes disease (Osteochondritis of the Hip)Pethidine Peutz-Jeghers syndrome Phaeochromocytoma Phagocytes Pharmacokinetic notes Pharmacokinetics Pharyngeal arch derivatives Phenobarbital sodium Phenoxymethylpenicillin (Penicillin V)Phentolamine Phenylketonuria (PKU)Phenytoin (Dilantin)Philadelphia chromosome Phimosis Phobic disorders Phocomelia and Thalidomide Phosphorus Physiology of vision Picolax - Citrafleet Pilonidal Abscess (sinus)Pioglitazone (Thiazolidinediones)Pituitary Adenoma Pituitary Anatomy and Physiology Pituitary Apoplexy Pityriasis or Tinea versicolor infections Pityriasis rosea Pivmecillinam (a penicillin antibiotic)Placenta praevia Placental abruption Plantar fasciitis Plasmacytoma Plasmapharesis Plasmids Pleural effusion Pleural tap (thoracentesis)Pneumococcal meningititis Pneumoconiosis Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia Pneumonia Pneumothorax Poisons eliminated Haemodialysis - perfusion Poliomyelitis Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN)Polyarticular arthritis Polycystic Ovary syndrome Polycythaemia Vera (primary polycythaemia)Polymerase chain reaction Polymorphic light eruption Polymyalgia Rheumatica Polymyositis Polypharmacy Start Criteria Polypharmacy Stop Criteria Polyuria Pontine-Midbrain haemorrhage Porphyria Cutanea Tarda (PCT)Porphyria Testing Portal Hypertension Positron Emission Tomography Post Menopausal Bleeding Post Operative Management Post Partum Thyroiditis Post Polio Syndrome Post Splenectomy Post Streptococcal/Infectious Glomerulonephritis Post Stroke Epilepsy (PSE)Post traumatic stress disorder Post-exposure prophylaxis with Immunoglobulins Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES Posterior circulation Postpartum haemorrhage Potassium Physiology Pralidoxime Pramipexole (Mirapexin)Prasugrel Pravastatin Praxbind - Idarucizumab Praziquantel Prazosin Pre-Operative Assessment PreEclampsia, Eclapsmia and HELLP Prednisolone Prednisone Pregabalin Premature Labour Premature Menopause Presbyacusis Prescribing Information Prescribing in Pregnancy Pressure sores Prevotella (Bacteroides) melaninogenica Priapism Primaquine Primary (Chronic simple) Open angle Glaucoma Primary Biliary Cirrhosis Primary CNS Lymphoma Primary Hyperparathyroidism Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Primary ciliary dyskinesia Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn's syndrome)Primary progressive aphasia (Dementia)Probenicid Prochlorperazine (Stemetil)Procyclidine Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP)Prolactinoma Propafenone Propantheline Propionibacterium Propofol Propranolol Propylthiouracil Prostate cancer Prosthetic Valves Protamine Sulfate Protein C Deficiency Protein S Deficiency Protein losing enteropathy Protein p53 Protein synthesis Proteus Prothrombin 20210A mutation Prothrombin Complex Concentrates (PCC)Prothrombin time and Coagulation Prothrombotic disorders Proton Pump Inhibitors Proximal myopathy Prucalopride Psammoma bodies Pseudohypoparathyroidism Pseudomonas infection (Pseudomonas aeruginosa)Psoas Abscess Psoriasis Psoriatic arthritis Psychogenic Polydipsia Pubic Lice (Pediculosis Pubis)Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis Pulmonary Arteriovenous malformation Pulmonary Embolism Pulmonary Eosinophilia and CXR changes Pulmonary Hypertension Pulmonary Hypertension - Primary Pulmonary Regurgitation Pulmonary Stenosis Pulmonary hypertension - Secondary Pulse oximetry Putamen Putaminal Haemorrhage Pyloric stenosis (Children)Pyoderma gangrenosum Pyonephrosis Pyrazinamide Pyridostigmine Pyruvate Kinase deficiency Quetiapine Quinine Quinine toxicity Rabies Radial Pulse Radial nerve Radiation exposure Radioactive iodine (I 131)Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation Radius and Ulna fractures and Injuries Raloxifene Raltegravir Ramipril Ramsay Hunt syndrome Ranitidine Ranolazine Rapid sequence intubation (RSI)Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis Rasagiline Rasburicase Raynaud's Phenomenon Reactive arthritis Rectal Prolapse Red cell aplasia Red eye Refeeding syndrome Referring to Level 2 or 3 care (ITU ICU HDU)Refractive Errors Refsum's disease Relapsing polychondritis Remdesvir (Veklury)Renal Artery Stenosis Renal Papillary Necrosis Renal Physiology I Renal Stones (Nephrolithiasis)Renal Transplantation Renal Tubular Acidosis Renal Vein Thrombosis Renal cell carcinoma Renal physiology Renin and Aldosterone Renin ratio (ARR)Renin-angiotensin system Respiratory (Chest) infections and pneumonia Respiratory - History Taking Respiratory Acidosis Respiratory Alkalosis Respiratory Anatomy and Physiology Respiratory Disease Investigations Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Neonates)Respiratory Examination Respiratory Examination - Finger Clubbing Respiratory Failure (hypoxia-hypercarbia)Resting membrane potential Restless legs syndrome Restriction enzymes Restrictive Cardiomyopathy Resuscitation - Adult Bradycardia Algorithm Resuscitation - Adult Tachycardia Algorithm Resuscitation - Advanced Life Support Resuscitation - Basic Life Support ABCDE Resuscitation - Choking Algorithm Resuscitation - Post Resuscitation Algorithm Reteplase Reticulocytes Retinal detachment Retinitis pigmentosa Retinoblastoma Retinoids Retroperitoneal fibrosis Rett Syndrome Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome Reye syndrome Rhesus haemolytic disease Rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatology Autoantibodies Rheumatology Lab values Rhodococcus equi Ribavirin Ricin Toxicity Rickettsia (General Principles)Rickettsia africae (Tick Bite Fever)Rickettsia akari Rickettsia conorii (Tick Bite Fever)Rickettsia prowazekii Rickettsia rickettsii Rickettsia tsutsugamushi Rickettsia typhi Rifampicin (Rifabutin Rifampin)Rifaximin Rilipivirine (Edurant) RVP Riluzole (Rilutek)Risedronate (Bisphosphonate)Risperidone Ritonavir (Norvir) RTV Rituximab (Mabthera)Rivaroxaban (Xarelto)Rivastigmine (Exelon)Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Rocuronium Rotigotine Rubella (German Measles) Notifiable SCL70 Antibody SMASH U Intracerebral Haemorrhage Classification SOCRATES mnemonic ST segment changes Sacubitril with Valsartan Salivary Gland Disease Salivary glands Salmonella enterica Salmonella typhi Saquinivir (Invirase) SQV Sarcoidosis Saxagliptin (Onglyza)Scabies Scarlet Fever (Scarlatina)Schistosomiasis Schizophrenia Schmidt's syndrome Sciatica Seborrheic Dermatitis Secondary Brain Tumours Secondary Messengers Secondary dysmenorrhoea Secondary hyperparathyroidism Sedation and Analgesia on ITU Selective IgA deficiency Selective Serotonin reuptake Inhibitor toxicity Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)Selegiline Selenium deficiency Senna Septic Shock and Sepsis 3 Septic arthritis Septicaemia Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies Serotonin syndrome Serratia Sevelamer Severe combined immunodeficiency disorders Sex Linked Recessive Sheehan's syndrome Shigella characteristics Shigellosis (Bacillary Dysentery)Shock (General Assessment)Short Synacthen test (SST)Short and Tall stature Growth in Children Shoulder dislocations Sick Euthyroid Syndrome Sickle Cell Disease Sideroblastic Anaemia Sigmoid Volvulus Sildenafil (Viagra)Silicosis Silver Trauma - Age over 65 Simvastatin Sinus Bradycardia Sinus Node disease Sinus Tachycardia Sitagliptin Sitosterolemia Sjogren's syndrome Skin and soft tissue infections Skull Anatomy Sleep physiology Slipped Upper Femoral Epiphysis (SUFE)Small Bowel Ischaemia Small Bowel Obstruction Small vessel disease Smallpox Smoking Snake Bites Sneddon Syndrome Sodium Bicarbonate Sodium Nitroprusside Sodium Physiology Sodium Picosulfate Sodium Thiopental - Sodium Thiopentone Sodium Valproate (Epilim Depakote)Sodium Zirconium Cyclosilicate (Lokelma)Soft tissue injuries (sprains, strains)Solifenacin Solitary Pulmonary Nodule Sotalol Hydrochloride Spetzler-Martin Grading of AVM Spina Bifida Spinal Cord Anatomy Spinal Cord Arteriovenous Malformations Spinal Cord Compression Spinal Cord Haematoma Spinal Cord Infarction Spinal Stenosis Spirometry Spironolactone Spleen Splenic Rupture Spondylolisthesis Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis Spontaneous intracranial hypotension Squamous Cell Carcinoma St John's Wort Staphylococcal Infections Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus epidermidis Staphylococcus saprophyticus Statin Status Epilepticus (Epilepsy)Stavudine (Zerit) d4T Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Stiff Person Syndrome Strabismus (Lazy Eye)Streptobacillus moniliformis Streptococci - anaerobes Streptococcus Streptococcus agalactiae Streptococcus milleri Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus)Streptococcus pyogenes Streptococcus viridans Streptokinase Streptomycin Stridor Stroke - Arterial Occlusion and clinical correlate Stroke - Epidemiology and risk factors Stroke - General Management Stroke - Imaging Stroke ASPECTS scoring Stroke Collaterals Stroke Risk Factors Stroke Thrombolysis Strongyloides stercoralis (threadworm)Strontium Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis Subacute Thyroiditis Subarachnoid Haemorrhage Subclavian Steal Syndrome Subclavian vein thrombosis Subdural haematoma Sucralfate Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD)Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL)Suicide Sulfasalazine - Sulphasalazine Sulphonamide (Sulphamethoxazole)Sumatriptan Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA) Syndrome Superior Sagittal Sinus Thrombosis Superior vena caval obstruction syndrome Supracondylar Femur Fractures Supracondylar Humerus Fractures Supraspinatus tendonitis Supraventricular Tachycardia Surgical Cricothyroidotomy Surgical prophylaxis Surgical site infection Susac syndrome Suxamethonium Sydenham's chorea Synchronised DC Cardioversion Syncope Syndrome X (Cardiology)Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH) secretion Syndromes with Severe Cognitive Issues Syphilis Syringobulbia Syringomyelia Systemic Amyloidosis Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)Systemic Mastocytosis Systemic Sclerosis T cells TIMI score TMN Staging tumours TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome TORCH infections TURP Hyponatraemia syndrome Tabes dorsalis Tacrolimus Tafamidis Takayasu arteritis (pulseless disease)Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Tamoxifen Tamsulosin (Flomax)Tanner Stages of Pubertal Development Tardive Dyskinesias Tay-Sachs disease Tazocin (Tazobactam - Piperacillin)Teicoplanin Telomeres Temazepam Temozolomide (Temodal)Template X Template two columns list Temporal (Giant Cell GCA) Arteritis Tenecteplase Tennis Elbow Tensilon test Tension Pneumothorax Terbutaline Teriparatide Terlipressin Tertiary hyperparathyroidism Testicular Cancer Testicular torsion Testing Tetrabenazine Tetracosactide (Synacthen)Tetracyclines Tetralogy of Fallot (Children)Thalamic Haemorrhage Thalamic Pain Syndrome Thalamic Stroke Syndrome Thalidomide Theophylline Theophylline toxicity Thiamine Third Degree (complete) Heart Block Thoracic Trauma Thoracic anatomy Thoracic outlet syndrome Thrombocytosis Thrombolysis Thrombophilia testing Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)Thyroglossal Cyst (Children)Thyroid Cancer Thyroid Function Tests and antbodies Thyroid Gland Thyroid Storm - Thyrotoxic crisis Thyroid Surgery (Thyroidectomy)Thyroid nodule Thyrotoxicosis and Hyperthyroidism Tiagabine Tibia and Fibula fractures and Injuries Ticagrelor Tick Paralysis Timolol Tinea capitis Tinidazole Tinzaparin (Innohep)Tiotropium (Spiriva)Titre - Titer Tocilizumab Tolbutamide Tolcapone Tolosa Hunt Syndrome Tolterodine Tolvaptan Tongue tie - ankyloglossia (Children)Topiramate (Topamax)Torsades de pointes (Polymorphic VT)Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Drainage Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN)Toxic Megacolon Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxoplasmosis Tramadol Tranexamic Acid Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI)Transfer factor (TLCO)Transfusion ten commandments Transient Global Amnesia (TGA)Transient Ischaemic Attack (TIA)Transient Monocular Blindness (TMB)Transoesophageal Echocardiography (TOE-TEE)Transplant and organ rejection Transposition of the great arteries (Children)Transverse myelitis Trastuzumab (Herceptin)Traumatic Spinal Injury Travellers Diarrhoea Trazodone Treponema Triangles of the neck Trichinellosis Tricuspid Atresia (Children)Tricuspid Regurgitation Tricuspid Stenosis Tricyclic Antidepressant Toxicity Tricyclic antidepressants Trigeminal Nerve Trigeminal neuralgia Trihexyphenidyl (benzhexol)Trimethoprim Trinucleotide (triplet) repeats Trochlear Nerve Tropheryma whipplei (Whipple disease)Tropical Sprue Truncus Arteriosus (Children)Tuberculosis Tuberculous Meningitis Tuberous sclerosis Tularaemia Tumour Lysis Syndrome Tumour markers Turcot's syndrome (Brain tumor polyposis syndrome)Turner's syndrome (Children)Two list Table template Typhoid - Paratyphoid fever (Enteric Fever)Tyrosine Kinase receptors US vs UK Drug names Ubiquitin Ulcerative Colitis Ulnar nerve Ultrasound - Echo basics Undifferentiated Inflammatory Arthritis (Children)Unexplained symptoms Upper Gastrointestinal Bleed (GI Bleed)Upper-Lower Motor Neurone signs Urea and Electrolytes Urethral syndome Urinary Catheterisation Urinary Incontinence (Stress and Urge)Urinary Tract Infection (UTI Children)Urinary Tract Infections Urinary Tract Obstruction Urinary UTI Antibiotic guidance Urine Analysis Urothelial tumours Urticaria Uterus VIPomas VTE DVT PE in Pregnancy Vaginal Carcinoma Valaciclovir Valsartan Vancomycin Variable rate intravenous insulin infusion VRIII Variant (Prinzmetal) Angina Varicella-Zoster (Chickenpox Shingles) Infection Variegate Porphyria Vascular Dementia Vasculitis - General Issues and Classification Vasopressin (AVP) Antidiuretic hormone Vasovagal syncope Vaughan-Williams Classification Vecuronium Vedolizumab (Entyvio)Venlafaxine Venous Insufficiency and Leg Ulcers Venous access Venflons and Central lines Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP)Ventricular Fibrillation Ventricular Septal defect (VSD) (Children)Ventricular Tachycardia Ventricular ectopic beats Verapamil Vertebral artery dissection Vertigo Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) (Children)Vibrio parahaemolyticus Vibrio vulnificus Vibrio vulnificus Vigabatrin (Sabril)Vinblastine Vincristine Viral Meningitis Viral associated cancers Viruses Visual acuity Vitamin A deficiency (Children)Vitamin B1 Thiamine deficiency Vitamin B12 deficiency Vitamin B12 excess Vitamin C deficiency (Scurvy)Vitamin D (1,25 OH2)Vitamin D (25 OH D)Vitamin D deficiency Vitamin D resistant rickets (Children)Vitamin K (Phytomenadione)Vitamin K deficiency Vitiligo Voltarol (Diclofenac)Von Gierke Disease (Children)Von Hippel Lindau Von Willebrand Disease Waardenburg's syndrome (Children)Wagner Classification Diabetic foot ulcers Waldenstrom Macroglobulinaemia (WM)Wallerian Degeneration Warfarin Warfarin and Bleeding Water Physiology Watershed Infarcts Werdnig Hoffman Disease (Children)Wernicke Korsakoff Syndrome White Blood Cells - Leukocytes Williams Syndrome (Children)Wilson disease Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (Children)Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome (WPW)Wolfram syndrome (DIDMOAD)Wound healing X linked Agammaglobulinaemia (Bruton)X linked Hypophosphataemic rickets X-linked Ichthyosis X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (Children)Xeroderma pigmentosum Yellow Fever Yellow Nail Syndrome Yersinia enterocolitica Yersinia pestis - Bubonic Plague Yersinia pseudotuberculosis ZZAAA ZZ_Abnormal char Zabramski Classification of Cavernomas Zidovudine (Retrovir) AZT - ZDV Zieve's syndrome Zika virus Zinc deficiency Zoledronic acid Zollinger Ellison syndrome Zolpidem Zopiclone eGFR

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MEDICAL DISCLAIMER:The contents are under continuing development and improvements and despite all efforts may contain errors of omission or fact. This is not to be used for the assessment, diagnosis or management of patients. It should not be regarded as medical advice by healthcare workers or laypeople. It is for educational purposes only. Please adhere to your local protocols. Use the BNF for drug information. If you are unwell please seek urgent healthcare advice. If you do not accept this then please do not use the website. Makindo Ltd

Anatomy of the Muscles of the Head and Neck

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Version Jan 2023

Muscles of the Head and Neck - Listed Alphabetically
Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Action	Innervation	Artery	Notes
anterior scalene	anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of vertebrae C3-C6	scalene tubercle of the first rib	elevates the first rib; flexes and laterally bends the neck	brachial plexus, C5-C7	ascending cervical a., a branch of the thyrocervical trunk	a muscle of inspiration; an important landmark of the neck; it is located between the subclavian vein and the subclavian artery; the roots of the brachial plexus pass posterior to it; the phrenic nerve crosses its anterior surface (Greek, scalene = uneven)
aryepiglottic	apex (superior part) of the arytenoid cartilage	epiglottis	draws the epiglottis posteriorly and downward during swallowing	inferior laryngeal nerve, from recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the of vagus (X)	laryngeal br. of the superior thyroid a.	the mucosa is raised by the underlying aryepiglottic m. to form the aryepiglottic fold
arytenoid, oblique	muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage	posterior surface of the contralateral arytenoid cartilage, near its apex	draws arytenoid cartilages together, adducting the vocal folds	inferior laryngeal nerve, from recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the of vagus (X)	laryngeal br. of the superior thyroid a.	the oblique arytenoid m. lies posterior to the transverse arytenoid m.; the arytenoideus is often considered to be one muscle with oblique and transverse fibers (
arytenoid, transverse	posterior surface of the arytenoid cartilage	posterior surface of the contralateral arytenoid cartilage	draws arytenoid cartilages together, adducting the vocal folds	inferior laryngeal nerve, from recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the vagus nerve (X)	laryngeal br. of the superior thyroid a.	the transverse arytenoid m.lies anterior to the oblique arytenoid m.; the arytenoideus is often considered to be one muscle with oblique and transverse parts
auricular	anterior: galea aponeurotica anterior to ear; superior: galea aponeurotica superior to ear; posterior: mastoid process	auricle anteriorly, superiorly and posteriorly	wiggle the ears	anterior & superior: temporal branches of facial nerve (VII); posterior: posterior auricular branch of facial nerve (VII)	superficial temporal a., posterior auricular a.	the auricular muscles are derived from the mesenchyme of the second pharyngeal arch, as are the muscles of facial expression
buccinator	pterygomandibular raphe, mandible, and the maxilla lateral to the molar teeth	angle of mouth and the lateral portion of the upper and lower lips	pulls the corner of mouth laterally; presses the cheek against the teeth	buccal branches of the facial nerve (VII)	facial a.	although the buccinator is important in mastication, it is innervated by the buccal branch of the facial nerve and NOT by the buccal nerve from V3 (a sensory nerve) (Latin, buccinator = trumpeter)
chondroglossus	medial side of the lesser horn and body of the hyoid bone	ascends to blend with the intrinsic tongue musculature	pulls the sides of the tongue down	hypoglossal nerve (XII)	lingual a.	chondroglossus is often considered to be part of the hyoglossus muscle
ciliary	meridional fibers: scleral spur; circular fibers: encircle the ciliary process	meridional fibers: ciliary process; circular fibers: encircle the ciliary process	relaxes the suspensory ligament of the lens	parasympathetic fibers in the oculomotor nerve (III), synapsing in the ciliary ganglion	ophthalmic a.	relaxation of the suspensory ligament allows the lens to thicken for accommodation (near vision)
constrictor, inferior pharyngeal	oblique line of the thyroid cartilage, lateral surface of cricoid cartilage	midline pharyngeal raphe	constricts pharyngeal cavity	vagus (X), via the pharyngeal plexus, with aid from the superior laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal nerves	ascending pharyngeal a., superior thyroid a., inferior thyroid a.	the most external of the three pharyngeal constructor mm.
constrictor, middle pharyngeal	lesser and greater horns of the hyoid bone and the inferior part of the stylohyoid ligament	midline pharyngeal raphe	constricts the pharyngeal cavity	vagus (X), via the pharyngeal plexus	ascending pharyngeal a.	of the three pharyngeal constrictors, this one is intermediate in both superior/inferior position and depth
constrictor, superior pharyngeal	medial pterygoid plate, pterygoid hamulus, pterygomandibular raphe, mylohyoid line of mandible	pharyngeal tubercle and midline pharyngeal raphe	constricts the pharyngeal cavity	vagus (X), via the pharyngeal plexus	ascending pharyngeal a.	the most internal of the three pharyngeal constructor mm.
corrugator	medial part of the supercillary arch	skin of the medial half of the eyebrow	pulls eyebrows together medially	temporal branch of the facial nerve (VII)	supratrochlear a.	this muscle causes the furrowed brow of the worried look (Latin, corrugator= to wrinkle)
cricoarytenoid, lateral	arch of the cricoid cartilage	muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage	draws the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage anteriorly, which pivots the arytenoid cartilage and adducts the vocal folds	inferior laryngeal nerve, from the recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the vagus nerve (X)	superior laryngeal a., cricothyroid branch of the superior thyroid a.	an antagonist of the posterior cricoarytenoid m.; the arteries that supply the larynx anastomose within the larynx to supply the mucous membranes and muscles
cricoarytenoid, posterior	posterior surface of the lamina of the cricoid cartilage	muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage	draws the muscular process posteriorly, which pivots the arytenoid cartilage and abducts the vocal folds	inferior laryngeal nerve, from the recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the vagus nerve (X)	superior laryngeal a., cricothyroid branch of the superior thyroid a.	the posterior cricoarytenoid is the only ABductor of the vocal folds; the arteries that supply the larynx anastomose within the larynx to supply the mucous membranes and muscles
cricopharyngeus	lateral surface of the cricoid cartilage	midline pharyngeal raphe	constricts the pharyngeal cavity and the entrance to the esophagus	recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the vagus nerve (X)	cricothyroid branch of the superior thyroid a., ascending pharyngeal a.	cricopharyngeus represents the lowest fibers of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor; it is continuous with the esophagus below and marks the beginning of it
cricothyroid	arch of the cricoid cartilage	inferior border of the thyroid cartilage	draws the thyroid cartilage forward, lengthening the vocal ligaments	external branch of superior laryngeal nerve, a branch of the vagus nerve (X)	cricothyroid branch of the superior thyroid a.	this is the only intrinsic muscle of the larynx that is not supplied by the recurrent laryngeal n.; ALL other laryngeal muscles are innervated by recurrent laryngeal nerve, via its inferior laryngeal branch
depressor anguli oris	oblique line of the mandible	angle of the mouth	pulls the corner of the mouth downward	marginal mandibular & buccal branches of the facial nerve (VII)	inferior labial branch of the facial a., mental a.	a "frown" muscle
depressor labii inferioris	anterior surface of the mandible	skin of the lower lip	depresses the lower lip	marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve (VII)	inferior labial branch of the facial a., mental a.	this muscle is used to bare the lower incisor teeth
depressor septi	maxilla near the midline above the incisor teeth	nasal septum	depresses the nasal septum; involved in flaring the nostrils	buccal branch of facial nerve (VII)	superior labial branch of the facial a.	depressor septi is considered a part of the nasalis m.
digastric	anterior belly: digastric fossa of the mandible; posterior belly: mastoid notch of the temporal bone	body of the hyoid via a fibrous loop over an intermediate tendon	elevates the hyoid bone; depresses the mandible	anterior belly: mylohyoid nerve, from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V); posterior belly: facial nerve (VII)	anterior belly: submental a.; posterior belly: occipital a.	the digastric m. forms two sides of the submandibular triangle; it is formed from mesenchyme derived from the first two pharyngeal arches, hence its dual innervation
dilator pupillae	outer margin of iris	inner margin of iris	dilates the pupil	sympathetic fibers via short ciliary nerves, synapsing in superior cervical sympathetic ganglion	ophthalmic a.	none
epicranius	frontalis: galea aponeurotica; occipitalis: superior nuchal line	frontalis: skin of the eyebrows; occipitalis: galea aponeurotica	elevates the eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead	frontalis: temporal branches of the facial nerve (VII); occipitalis: posterior auricular branch of the facial nerve (VII)	frontalis: supraorbital and supratrochlear aa.; occipitalis: occipital a.	the frontalis and occipitalis muscles are two bellies of the epicranius muscle; also known as: occipitofrontalis m.
frontalis	galea aponeurotica	skin of the eyebrow	elevates the eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead	temporal branches of the facial nerve (VII)	supraorbital and supratrochlear aa.	frontalis is the anterior belly of the epicranius muscle
genioglossus	mental spine on the inner aspect of the mental symphysis	fans out to insert into the tongue from the tip to the base	protrudes the tongue (inferior fibers); depresses tongue (middle fibers)	hypoglossal nerve (XII)	lingual a.	an extrinsic muscle of the tongue; XII innervates all tongue muscles except palatoglossus [innervated by vagus (X), as are most of the palate and pharynx muscles]; genioglossus is used to test the function of cranial nerve XII
geniohyoid	mental spines of the mandible	body of the hyoid bone	elevates the hyoid bone; depresses the mandible	ventral primary ramus of spinal nerve C1 via fibers carried by the hypoglossal nerve	lingual a., submental a.	thyrohyoid and geniohyoid receive ansa cervicalis fibers that travel with the hypoglossal nerve distal to the superior limb of the ansa cervicalis
hyoglossus	upper border of the greater horn of the hyoid and body of the hyoid bone	spreads out into the intrinsic muscles of the tongue	depresses the sides of the tongue; retracts the tongue	hypoglossal nerve (XII)	lingual a.	an extrinsic muscle of the tongue
inferior oblique	floor of the orbit lateral to the lacrimal groove	sclera on the inferior surface of the eyeball	elevates and abducts the corneal part of the eye; rotates the superior pole of the iris laterally; when the eye is adducted, this muscle elevates the cornea	oculomotor nerve (III), inferior division	ophthalmic a.	clinicians examining the eye will ask the patient to look toward the bridge of the nose to test the function of this muscle
inferior pharyngeal constrictor	oblique line of the thyroid cartilage, lateral surface of cricoid cartilage	midline pharyngeal raphe	constricts pharyngeal cavity	vagus (X), via the pharyngeal plexus, with aid from the superior laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal nerves	ascending pharyngeal a., superior thyroid a., inferior thyroid a.	the most external of the three pharyngeal constructor mm.
inferior rectus	common tendinous ring at the apex of the orbit	sclera on the inferior surface of the eyeball	depresses and adducts the corneal part of the eyeball; rotates the superior pole of the iris laterally	oculomotor nerve (III), inferior division	ophthalmic a.	because this muscle approaches the eyeball from a medial direction, it has a rotational action on the iris
lateral cricoarytenoid	arch of the cricoid cartilage	muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage	draws the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage anteriorly, which pivots the arytenoid cartilage and adducts the vocal folds	inferior laryngeal nerve, from the recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the vagus nerve (X)	superior laryngeal a., cricothyroid branch of the superior thyroid a.	an antagonist of the posterior cricoarytenoid m.; the arteries that supply the larynx anastomose within the larynx to supply the mucous membranes and muscles
lateral pterygoid	superior head: greater wing of the sphenoid bone; inferior head: lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate	superior head: capsule and & articular disk of the temporomandibular joint; inferior head: neck of the mandible	protracts the mandible; opens the mouth; active in grinding actions of chewing	lateral pterygoid branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V)	pterygoid branch of the maxillary a.	the only one of the muscles of mastication that opens the mouth; the superior head of lateral pterygoid is sometimes called sphenomeniscus due to its insertion into the disc of the temporomandibular joint (Greek, pterygoid = wing-shaped)
lateral rectus	common tendinous ring at the apex of the orbit	sclera on the lateral surface of the eyeball	abducts the corneal part of the eyeball	abducens nerve (VI)	ophthalmic a.	loss of function of the abducens nerve will cause the eye to be abducted
levator anguli oris	canine fossa of the maxilla	angle (corner) of the mouth	elevates the angle of the mouth	buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII)	infraorbital a., superior labial branch of the facial a.	a "smile" muscle
levator labii superioris	inferior margin of the orbit	skin of the upper lip	elevates the upper lip	buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII)	infraorbital a., superior labial branch of the facial a.	levator labii superioris is used to bare the upper incisor teeth, as in a sneer (Latin, levator = to lift + labial = lips)
levator labii superioris alaque nasi	frontal process of the maxilla	ala of the nose and skin of the upper lip	elevates the upper lip and flares the nostril	buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII)	infraorbital a., superior labial branch of the facial a.	(Latin, levator = to lift + labial = lips)
levator palpebrae superioris	apex of the orbit above the optic canal	skin and fascia of upper eyelid and the superior tarsal plate	elevates the upper eyelid	oculomotor nerve (III) and sympathetics (to the superior tarsal portion)	ophthalmic a.	fibers inserting into the superior tarsal plate are called superior tarsal muscle and are smooth muscle; lesion of the sympathetic supply causes slight ptosis (drooping of the eyelid) (Latin, levator = to lift + palpebrae = eyelid)
levator scapulae	transverse processes of C1-4 vertebrae	medial border of the scapula from the superior angle to the spine	elevates scapula	dorsal scapular nerve (C5); the upper part of the muscle receives branches of C3 & C4 spinal nerves	dorsal scapular a.	named for its action (Latin, levator = to lift)
levator veli palatini	apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone and the medial surface of the auditory tube cartilage	muscles and fascia of the soft palate; palatine aponeurosis	elevates the soft palate	vagus nerve (X) via the pharyngeal plexus	ascending pharyngeal a.	a derivative of the fourth pharyngeal arch (Latin, levator = to lift)
linguae, longitudinalis	within tongue	within tongue near the apex	shapes the tongue for speech and mastication	hypoglossal nerve (XII)	lingual a.	an intrinsic muscle of the tongue; longitudinalis has superior and inferior subdivisions that span the length of the tongue
linguae, transversus	within tongue	within tongue	compresses the sides of the tongue; shapes the tongue for speech and mastication	hypoglossal nerve (XII)	lingual a.	an intrinsic muscle of the tongue whose fibers run transversely
linguae, verticalis	within tongue	within tongue	shapes the tongue for speech and mastication	hypoglossal nerve (XII)	lingual a.	an intrinsic muscle of the tongue whose fibers run superoinferiorly
longus capitis	anterior tubercles of vertebrae C3-6	basilar portion of the occipital bone	flex the head and neck	cervical plexus, ventral primary rami of spinal nerves C1-4	deep cervical a.	none
longus colli	anterior tubercles and anterior surfaces of the bodies of vertebrae C3-T3	anterior arch of atlas, anterior tubercles of C5-6, anterior surfaces of bodies of vertebrae C2-4	flex neck, rotate and laterally bend neck	cervical and brachial plexus, C2-7	deep cervical a.	none
masseter	zygomatic arch and zygomatic bone	lateral surface of the ramus and angle of the mandible	elevates the mandible	nerve to the masseter, from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V)	masseteric branch of the maxillary a.	(Greek, masseter = the chewer)
medial pterygoid	medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate, pyramidal process of the palatine bone, tuberosity of the maxilla	medial surface of the ramus and angle of the mandible	elevates and protracts the mandible	medial pterygoid branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V)	pterygoid branch of the maxillary a.	this muscle mirrors the masseter m. in position and action with the ramus of the mandible between the two mm. (Greek, pterygoid = wing-shaped)
medial rectus	common tendinous ring at the apex of the orbit	sclera on the medial surface of the eyeball	adducts the corneal part of the eyeball	oculomotor nerve (III) (inferior division)	ophthalmic a.	this muscle directly opposes the action of the lateral rectus m.
mentalis	anterior surface of the mandible near the mental symphysis (midline)	skin of the chin	elevates the lower lip and skin of chin	marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve (VII)	mental a., inferior labial branch of the facial a.
middle pharyngeal constrictor	lesser and greater horns of the hyoid bone and the inferior part of the stylohyoid ligament	midline pharyngeal raphe	constricts the pharyngeal cavity	vagus (X), via the pharyngeal plexus	ascending pharyngeal a.	of the three pharyngeal constrictors, this one is intermediate in both superior/inferior position and depth
middle scalene	posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of vertebrae C2-C7	upper surface of the first rib behind the subclavian artery	elevates the first rib; flexes and laterally bends the neck	brachial plexus, C3-C8	ascending cervical a.	a muscle of respiration (inspiratory); also called scalenus medius; penetrated by the dorsal scapular n. and long thoracic n. (Greek, scalene = uneven)
musculus uvulae	posterior nasal spine	mucosa of the uvula	shortens the uvula	vagus nerve (X) via pharyngeal plexus	lesser palatine a.	the soft palate and uvula resist the upward pressure of the tongue during swallowing
mylohyoid	mylohyoid line of mandible	midline raphe and body of the hyoid bone	elevates the hyoid bone and the tongue; depresses the mandible	mylohyoid nerve from the inferior alveolar nerve, a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V)	mylohyoid branch of the inferior alveolar a.	the nerve to mylohyoid also innervates the anterior belly of digastric m.; both muscles are derivatives of the second pharygneal arch
nasalis	maxilla above the incisor teeth and the canine teeth	ala of the nose and midline aponeurosis	flattens the nose, flare the nostrils	buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII)	superior labial branch of the facial a.	nasalis has two subsidiary parts: nasalis pars alaris and pars transversa
nasalis pars alaris	maxilla above the canine teeth	ala of the nose	flares the nostrils	buccal branch of facial nerve (VII)	superior labial branch of the facial a.	a subdivision of the nasalis m. (Latin, pars = a part)
nasalis pars transversa	maxilla above the incisor teeth	midline aponeurosis	flattens the nose	buccal branch of facial nerve (VII)	superior labial branch of the facial a.	a subdivision of the nasalis m. (Latin, pars = a part)
oblique arytenoid	muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage	posterior surface of the contralateral arytenoid cartilage, near its apex	draws arytenoid cartilages together, adducting the vocal folds	inferior laryngeal nerve, from recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the of vagus (X)	laryngeal br. of the superior thyroid a.	the oblique arytenoid m. lies posterior to the transverse arytenoid m.; the arytenoideus is often considered to be one muscle with oblique and transverse fibers
oblique, inferior	floor of the orbit lateral to the lacrimal groove	sclera on the inferior surface of the eyeball	elevates and abducts the corneal part of the eye; rotates the superior pole of the iris laterally; when the eye is adducted, this muscle elevates the cornea	oculomotor nerve (III), inferior division	ophthalmic a.	clinicians examining the eye will ask the patient to look toward the bridge of the nose to test the function of this muscle
oblique, superior	apex of the orbit above the optic canal	sclera on the posterior superior surface of the eyeball	depresses and abducts the eyeball; rotates the superior pole of the iris medially	trochlear nerve (IV)	ophthalmic a.	passes through a fibrocartilagenous pulley known as the trochlea; when the eye is adducted, this muscle moves the cornea inferiorly
occipitalis	superior nuchal line	galea aponeurotica	pulls the scalp posteriorly; elevates the eyebrows	posterior auricular branch of the facial nerve (VII)	occipital a.	occipitalis is the posterior belly of the epicranius muscle
occipitofrontalis	frontalis: galea aponeurotica; occipitalis: superior nuchal line	frontalis: skin of the eyebrows; occipitalis: galea aponeurotica	elevates the eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead	frontalis: temporal branches of the facial nerve (VII); occipitalis: posterior auricular branch of the facial nerve (VII)	frontalis: supraorbital and supratrochlear aa.; occipitalis: occipital a.	the frontalis and occipitalis muscles are two bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle; also known as: epicranius m.
omohyoid	inferior belly: upper border of the scapula medial to the scapular notch; superior belly: intermediate tendon	inferior belly: intermediate tendon; superior belly: lower border of the hyoid bone lateral to the sternohyoid insertion	depresses/stabilizes the hyoid bone	ansa cervicalis	transverse cervical a.	the intermediate tendon of omohyoid is tethered to the clavicle by a fascial sling
orbicularis oculi	orbital part: medial orbital margin and the medial palpebral ligament; palpebral part: medial palpebral ligament	orbital part: skin of the lateral cheek; palpebral part: lateral palpebral raphe	closes the eyelids	temporal & zygomatic branches of the facial nerve (VII)	supraorbital a., supratrochlear a., infraorbital a., angular branch of the facial a.	activated involuntarily in the blink reflex; the palpebral part is active in normal blinking and the orbital part is used to forcefully close the eye
orbicularis oris	skin and fascia of lips and the area surrounding the lips	skin and fascia of the lips	purses the lips	buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII)	superior and inferior labial branches of the facial a., mental a., infraorbital a.	the "kissing" muscle
palatoglossus	palatine aponeurosis	side of the tongue, entering it from above	elevates and retracts the tongue	vagus nerve (X) via the pharyngeal plexus	tonsilar branch of the facial a., ascending pharyngeal a.	although palatoglossus sounds like a tongue muscle (and would therefore be innervated by XII), it is a palatal muscle innervated by X
palatopharyngeus	posterior margin of the bony palate and the palatine aponeurosis	posterior wall of the pharynx and the posterior margin of the thyroid cartilage	elevates the larynx	vagus nerve (X) via pharyngeal plexus	ascending pharyngeal a.	palatopharyngeus is part of the inner longitudinal muscle layer of the pharynx
platysma	fascia overlying the pectoralis major and deltoid muscles	inferior border of the mandible and skin of lower face	draws the corners of the mouth down; it aids in depression of the mandible	cervical branch of the facial nerve (VII)	facial a.	platysma is derived from the mesenchyme of the second pharyngeal arch (Greek, platysma = a flat plate)
posterior cricoarytenoid	posterior surface of the lamina of the cricoid cartilage	muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage	draws the muscular process posteriorly, which pivots the arytenoid cartilage and abducts the vocal folds	inferior laryngeal nerve, from the recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the vagus nerve (X)	superior laryngeal a., cricothyroid branch of the superior thyroid a.	the posterior cricoarytenoid is the only ABductor of the vocal folds; the arteries that supply the larynx anastomose within the larynx to supply the mucous membranes and muscles
posterior scalene	posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of vertebrae C5-C7	lateral surface of the second rib	elevates the second rib; flexes and laterally bends the neck	brachial plexus, C7-C8	ascending cervical a.	a muscle of respiration (inspiratory); it is the longest of the scalene muscles (Greek, scalene = uneven)
procerus	nasal bone	skin between the eyebrows	depresses the medial corners of the eyebrows	temporal branch of the facial nerve (VII)	supratrochlear a.	(Latin, procerus = long and streched out)
pterygoid, lateral	superior head: greater wing of the sphenoid bone; inferior head: lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate	superior head: capsule and & articular disk of the temporomandibular joint; inferior head: neck of the mandible	protracts the mandible; opens the mouth; active in grinding actions of chewing	lateral pterygoid branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V)	pterygoid branch of the maxillary a.	the only one of the muscles of mastication that opens the mouth; the superior head of lateral pterygoid is sometimes called sphenomeniscus due to its insertion into the disc of the temporomandibular joint (Greek, pterygoid = wing-shaped)
pterygoid, medial	medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate, pyramidal process of the palatine bone, tuberosity of the maxilla	medial surface of the ramus and angle of the mandible	elevates and protracts the mandible	medial pterygoid branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V)	pterygoid branch of the maxillary a.	this muscle mirrors the masseter m. in position and action with the ramus of the mandible between the two mm. (Greek, pterygoid = wing-shaped)
pupillae, dilator	outer margin of iris	inner margin of iris	dilates the pupil	sympathetic fibers via short ciliary nerves, synapsing in superior cervical sympathetic ganglion	ophthalmic a.	none
pupillae, sphincter	encircles iris	encircles iris	constricts the pupil	parasympathetic fibers of oculomotor nerve (III), synapsing in ciliary ganglion	ophthalmic a.	none
rectus capitis anterior	lateral mass of atlas	basilar portion of occipital bone	flexes the head	ventral primary ramus of spinal nerve C1	deep cervical a.	none
rectus capitis lateralis	transverse process of atlas	occipital bone anterolateral to foramen magnum	laterally bends the head	ventral primary ramus of spinal nerve C1	deep cervical a.	none
rectus, inferior	common tendinous ring at the apex of the orbit	sclera on the inferior surface of the eyeball	depresses and adducts the corneal part of the eyeball; rotates the superior pole of the iris laterally	oculomotor nerve (III), inferior division	ophthalmic a.	because this muscle approaches the eyeball from a medial direction, it has a rotational action on the iris
rectus, lateral	common tendinous ring at the apex of the orbit	sclera on the lateral surface of the eyeball	abducts the corneal part of the eyeball	abducens nerve (VI)	ophthalmic a.	loss of function of the abducens nerve will cause the eye to be abducted
rectus, medial	common tendinous ring at the apex of the orbit	sclera on the medial surface of the eyeball	adducts the corneal part of the eyeball	oculomotor nerve (III) (inferior division)	ophthalmic a.	this muscle directly opposes the action of the lateral rectus m.
rectus, superior	common tendinous ring at the apex of the orbit	sclera on the superior surface of the eyeball	elevates and adducts the eyeball; rotates the superior pole of the iris medially	oculomotor nerve (III), superior division	ophthalmic a.	because this muscle approaches the eye from a medial position, it causes the iris to rotate medially
risorius	fascia of the lateral cheek	skin of the angle (corner) of the mouth	draws the corner of the mouth laterally	buccal branches of the facial nerve (VII)	transverse facial a., facial a.	risorius is active in expressions of mirth (Latin, risorius = to laugh)
salpingopharyngeus	inferior surface of the anteromedial end of the auditory tube cartilage	pharyngeal wall and superior border of the thyroid cartilage along with the palatopharyngeus m.	elevates the larynx	vagus nerve (X) via the pharyngeal plexus	ascending pharyngeal a.	like other muscles of the pharyngeal wall, salpingopharyngeus is derived from the fourth pharyngeal arch
scalene, anterior	anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of vertebrae C3-C6	scalene tubercle of the first rib	elevates the first rib; flexes and laterally bends the neck	brachial plexus, C5-C7	ascending cervical a., a branch of the thyrocervical trunk	a muscle of inspiration; an important landmark of the neck; it is located between the subclavian vein and the subclavian artery; the roots of the brachial plexus pass posterior to it; the phrenic nerve crosses its anterior surface (Greek, scalene = uneven)
scalene, middle	posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of vertebrae C2-C7	upper surface of the first rib behind the subclavian artery	elevates the first rib; flexes and laterally bends the neck	brachial plexus, C3-C8	ascending cervical a.	a muscle of respiration (inspiratory); also called scalenus medius; penetrated by the dorsal scapular n. and long thoracic n. (Greek, scalene = uneven)
scalene, posterior	posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of vertebrae C5-C7	lateral surface of the second rib	elevates the second rib; flexes and laterally bends the neck	brachial plexus, C7-C8	ascending cervical a.	a muscle of respiration (inspiratory); it is the longest of the scalene muscles (Greek, scalene = uneven)
sphenomeniscus	greater wing of the sphenoid	capsule and articular disk of the temporomandibular joint	pulls the articular disk forward in opening of the mouth	lateral pterygoid branch of mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (V)	pterygoid branch of the maxillary a.	sphenomeniscus is another name for the superior belly of the lateral pterygoid m.
sphincter pupillae	encircles iris	encircles iris	constricts the pupil	parasympathetic fibers of oculomotor nerve (III), synapsing in ciliary ganglion	ophthalmic a.	none
splenius	ligamentum nuchae and spines C7-T6	capitis: mastoid process & superior nuchal line laterally; cervicis: posterior tubercles of C1-3	extends and laterally bends neck and head; rotates head to same side	dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves C2-6	supplied segmentally by: deep cervical a., posterior intercostal aa.	it gets its name from its broad, flat shape (Greek, splenius = a bandage)
stapedius	walls of the pyramidal eminence	neck of the stapes	dampens vibration of the stapes	facial nerve (VII)	anterior tympanic a.	entirely enclosed in bone, except for its tendon; a derivative of the second pharyngeal arch
sternocleidomastoid	sternal head: anterior surface of the manubrium; clavicular head: medial 1/3rd of the clavicle	mastoid process and lateral 1/2 of the superior nuchal line	draws the mastoid process down toward the same side which causes the chin to turn up toward the opposite side; acting together, the muscles of the two sides flex the neck	spinal accessory nerve (XI), with sensory supply from C2 & C3 (for proprioception)	sternocleidomastoid branch of the occipital a.	carotid sheath structures lie deep to it
sternohyoid	posterior surfaces of both the manubrium and sternal end of the clavicle	lower border of the hyoid bone, medial to the omohyoid m. insertion	depresses/stabilizes the hyoid bone	ansa cervicalis	superior thyroid a.	sternohyoid overlies the sternothyroid and thyrohyoid mm.
sternothyroid	posterior surface of the manubrium below the origin of the sternohyoid m.	oblique line of the thyroid cartilage	depresses/stabilizes the hyoid bone	ansa cervicalis	superior thyroid a.	sternothyroid lies deep to the sternohyoid m.
styloglossus	anterior side of the styloid process	posterolateral side of the tongue	retracts and elevates the tongue	hypoglossal nerve (XII)	ascending pharyngeal a., ascending palatine branch of the facial a.	an extrinsic muscle of the tongue
stylohyoid	posterior side of the styloid process	splits around the intermediate tendon of the digastric m. to insert on the body of the hyoid bone	elevates and retracts the hyoid bone	facial nerve (VII)	ascending pharyngeal a.	facial nerve innervates both the stylohyoid m. and the posterior belly of the digastric m. shortly after exiting from the stylomastoid foramen
stylopharyngeus	medial side of the styloid process	superior border of the thyroid cartilage and also into the pharyngeal wall	elevates the larynx	glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)	ascending pharyngeal a.	stylopharyngeus, the only muscle innervated by IX, is the only muscle of the pharyngeal wall NOT innervated by the vagus (X) nerve; it is a derivative of the third pharyngeal arch
superior oblique	apex of the orbit above the optic canal	sclera on the posterior superior surface of the eyeball	depresses and abducts the eyeball; rotates the superior pole of the iris medially	trochlear nerve (IV)	ophthalmic a.	passes through a fibrocartilagenous pulley known as the trochlea; when the eye is adducted, this muscle moves the cornea inferiorly
superior pharyngeal constrictor	medial pterygoid plate, pterygoid hamulus, pterygomandibular raphe, mylohyoid line of mandible	pharyngeal tubercle and midline pharyngeal raphe	constricts the pharyngeal cavity	vagus (X), via the pharyngeal plexus	ascending pharyngeal a.	the most internal of the three pharyngeal constructor mm.
superior rectus	common tendinous ring at the apex of the orbit	sclera on the superior surface of the eyeball	elevates and adducts the eyeball; rotates the superior pole of the iris medially	oculomotor nerve (III), superior division	ophthalmic a.	because this muscle approaches the eye from a medial position, it causes the iris to rotate medially
temporalis	temporal fossa and the temporal fascia	coronoid process of the mandible and the anterior surface of the ramus of the mandible	elevates the mandible; retracts the mandible (posterior fibers)	anterior and posterior deep temporal nerves from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V)	anterior and posterior deep temporal aa.	a powerful chewing muscle; a derivative of the first pharyngeal arch
tensor tympani	cartilagenous auditory tube and the greater wing of the sphenoid bone which lies adjacent to it	manubrium of the malleus	dampens vibrations of the tympanic membrane	medial pterygoid branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V)	superior tympanic branch of the middle meningeal a.	V3 innervates both tensor muscles of the head (tympani and veli palatini) which are derivatives of the first pharyngeal arch

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