Makindo Medical Notes.com Comprehensive Medical Encyclopedia | Education for Healthcare Professionals

@About this App @Contributers @Developer ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein) Testing AIDS Dementia Complex (HIV)AIDS HIV Infection APGAR Scoring (Children)APTT and Coagulation Abacavir Abatacept Abbreviated Mental Test Score (AMTS)Abciximab Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Abdominal paracentesis for ascites Abducent Nerve Abetalipoproteinaemia Abnormal Vaginal bleeding Acamprosate Acanthocytosis Acanthosis Nigricans Acarbose Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm Acetazolamide Acetylcholine Receptor Antibodies Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors Achalasia Achilles Tendon rupture Achondroplasia (Children)Aciclovir Acid maltase deficiency (Pompe disease)Acne Rosacea Acne Vulgaris Acoustic Neuroma (Schwannoma)Acrodermatitis enteropathica (Children)Acromegaly and Giantism Acromio-clavicular joint Actinomyces israeli Action Potential Activated Charcoal Actrapid (Insulin)Acute Abdominal Pain - Acute Peritonitis Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis Acute Anaphylactoid Reactions Acute Anaphylaxis Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma Acute Appendicitis Acute Bacterial Meningitis Acute Bronchitis Acute Cholangitis Acute Cholecystitis Acute Colonic Pseudo-obstruction Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) General Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) NSTEMI USA Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) STEMI Acute Coronary Syndrome (Cardiac Troponins)Acute Coronary Syndrome Grace score Acute Delirium Acute Disc lesions Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis Acute Diverticulitis - Diverticular disease Acute Dystonic Reaction Acute Encephalitis Acute Eosinophilic Pneumonia Acute Epiglottitis Acute Exacerbation of COPD Acute Hepatitis Acute Hydrocephalus Acute Hypotension Acute Inflammation Acute Intermittent Porphyria (AIP)Acute Interstitial nephritis Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)Acute Limb Ischaemia Acute Liver Failure Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL)Acute Mastoiditis Acute Monoarthritis Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML)Acute Myocarditis Acute Pancreatitis Acute Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Acute Pericarditis Acute Phase reactants Acute Porphyrias Acute Promyelocytic Leukaemia Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Adults)Acute Retroviral Syndrome (HIV)Acute Rhabdomyolysis Acute Rheumatic fever Acute Rotator cuff tear Acute Severe Asthma Acute Severe Colitis Acute Sinusitis Acute Stroke Assessment (ROSIER&NIHSS)Acute Tonsilitis Acute Urinary Retention Acute and Chronic Gout Acute and Chronic Heart Failure Acute on Chronic Liver Disease Decompensation Acutely Ill Patient Adalimumab Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised (ACER)Addison Disease (Adrenal Insufficiency)Adefovir Adenosine Adenosine deaminase deficiency Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder)Adjustment - Anxiety disorders Adrenal Antibodies Adrenal Physiology Adrenaline (Epinephrine)Adrenoleukodystrophy Adrenomyeloneuropathy Adult Onset Still's Disease African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping sickness)Age related macular degeneration Aicardi syndrome Air Embolism Albumin Albumin-Protein Creatinine Ratio (PCR)Alcohol Abuse Alcohol Withdrawal (Delirium Tremens)Alcoholic (Steato)Hepatitis Alcoholic Ketoacidosis Aldosterone Physiology Alendronate (Alendronic acid)Alfacalcidol Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)Alkalinisation of urine Alkaptonuria Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis Allogeneic stem cell transplantation Allopurinol Alogliptin (Vipidia)Alopecia Alpha Fetoprotein Alpha Thalassaemia Alpha subunit (ASU) of TSH Alpha-1 Antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency Alport's Syndrome Alteplase Altitude sickness Aluminium and Magnesium Antacids Alveolar Gas Equation Alzheimer disease (Dementia)Amantadine Amenorrhoea American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease)Amiloride Amino acids Aminoglycosides Aminophylline Aminosalicylates Amiodarone Amiodarone and Thyroid disease Amitriptyline Amlodipine Ammonia Encephalopathy Amnestic syndromes Amoebiasis (Entamoeba histolytica)Amoxicillin Amphetamine toxicity Amphotericin B Ampicillin Anaemia of Chronic Disease Anagrelide Anakinra Anal Cancer Andexanet alfa Androgen insensitivity syndrome Aneurysms Angina bullosa haemorrhagica Angiodysplasia Angiomyolipoma Angioneurotic Oedema Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Angiotensin Converting enzyme (ACE)Angular Stomatitis - Cheilitis Anion Gap Ankle and Foot fractures and Injuries Ankle-Brachial pressure Index (ABPI)Ankylosing spondylitis Anorexia Nervosa Antacid medication Antepartum haemorrhage Anterior Horn Cell diseases Anterior circulation Anti Dementia Drugs Anti-Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide (CCP) Antibody Anti-D immunoglobulin Anti-Hu antibodies Anti-OKT3 antibodies Anti-RNP Antibody Anti-Yo antibodies Anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)Antibiotics for Abdominal Infections Anticholinergic Burden Anticholinergic syndrome Anticipation Anticoagulation and Antithrombotics Antidiuretic hormone (Vasopressin)Antigen presenting cells Antimicrobial Choices Antimuscarinic drugs Antiphospholipid syndrome Antithrombin III deficiency (AT3)Aorta anatomy Aortic Dissection Aortic Regurgitation (Incompetence)Aortic Sclerosis Aortic Stenosis Aortoenteric fistula Apathetic thyrotoxicosis Apixaban Aplastic anaemia Apomorphine Appendix Cancer Tumours Approach to Assessing Sick Child Approach to child with Acute Gastroenteritis Approach to child with respiratory Distress Arnold Chiari malformation Arrhythmogenic Right ventricular Cardiomyopathy Artemisinins Arterial Blood gas analysis Arterial Pulse assessment Arterial blood gas sampling Arterial vs Venous vs Other Leg Ulcers Arteriovenous malformations Artery of Percheron stroke Artery-to-artery embolic stroke Artesunate Asbestos Related Lung disease Ascites Assessment and Management Aspergilloma Aspergillus fumigatus Aspirin Aspirin Salicylates toxicity Assessing Abdominal Pain Assessing Breathlessness Assessing Chest Pain Assessing Falls Asteatotic eczema Asthma Astigmatism Astrocytomas Asystole Ataxia Telangiectasia Atazanavir Atenolol Atherosclerosis Atopic Eczema or Atopic Dermatitis Atorvastatin Atracurium Atrial Ectopic beats Atrial Fibrillation (Chemical cardioversion)Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)Atrial fibrillation (AF)Atrial flutter Atrial myxoma Atrial septal defect (ASD)Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia Atropine Sulfate Autoantibodies Autoimmune Haemolytic anaemia (AIHA)Autoimmune Hepatitis Autonomic neuropathy Autosomal Dominant Autosomal Dominant Polycystic kidney disease Autosomal Recessive Azathioprine Azithromycin B lymphocytes BRCA genes (Familial Breast Cancer)Bacillus anthracis Bacillus cereus poisoning Backpain / Backache Baclofen Bacteria Bacteroides fragilis Balanitis (Adults)Balanitis (Children)Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN)Balsalazide (Aminosalicylate)Barrett's oesophagus Bartonella Bartters syndrome Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)Basic Fracture management Basilar artery thrombosis Becker Muscular dystrophy Beclometasone Beer Potomania Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia Behcet's syndrome Bell's palsy Bendroflumethiazide (Bendrofluazide)Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis Benzodiazepine Toxicity Benzodiazepines Benzylpenicillin Sodium (Penicillin G)Berg Balance Scale Beriplex Berylliosis Beta Agonists Beta Blocker toxicity Beta Thalassaemia Beta-2 Microglobulin Beta-lactamases Betahistine (Serc)Bezafibrate Biceps rupture Bilateral adrenalectomy Biliary atresia Bilirubin Biochemical Lab values Bisacodyl Bisoprolol Bisphosphonates Bladder Cancer Bladder Stones Bleeding Bleeding disorders Bleeding due to Drugs Bleomycin Blindness - global causes Blood products - Packed cells blood transfusion Blood Products - Cryoprecipitate Blood Products - Fresh Frozen Plasma Blood Products - Platelets Blood film interpretation Blood gas values Bloody Diarrhoea Blotting Techniques: Gel Electrophoresis Bone Marrow Transplantation Bone disease Lab results Bone metabolism RANK RANKL OPG pathway Bone scintigraphy (Bone scan)Bordetella pertussis - Whooping cough Borrelia burgdorferi Borrelia recurrentis Botulism Brachial neuritis (neuralgic amyotrophy)Brachial plexus anatomy Brachial plexus and associated injury Brain Abscess Brain Anatomy and function Brain MRI Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)Brain Physiology Brain Tumours (Cancer)Brainstem anatomy Branchial cleft cyst Breast Cancer Breast Fibroadenoma Bretylium Broad complex Tachycardia Bromocriptine Bronchial adenoma Bronchiectasis Bronchiolitis Bronchoscopy Brown-Sequard syndrome Brucella Brugada syndrome Budd-Chiari syndrome Budesonide Buerger disease (Thromboangiitis obliterans )Bulbar vs Pseudobulbar palsy Bulimia Nervosa Bullous Pemphigoid Bumetanide Bunions Buprenorphine Bupropion Burkholderia cepacia Burkitt's lymphoma Burns Busulphan (Busulfan)Byssinosis C reactive protein (CRP)CADASIL CARASIL CHADS2 - CHA2DS2-VASc score CMV retinitis CNS fungal Infections CNS infections CSF Rhinorrhoea CT Head Basics (Stroke)CT Pulmonary angiogram (CTPA)CT imaging basics for Stroke CURB 65 score Cabergoline Caecal Volvulus Caisson Disease - Decompression sickness Calcitonin Calcitriol (1,25 Dihydroxycholecalciferol)Calcium Chloride or Gluconate Calcium Physiology Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition (Pseudogout)Calcium Resonium Calcium channel blockers toxicity Calot's triangle Campylobacter Cancer of Unknown Primar Candesartan Candidiasis Cannabis toxicity Capecitabine Capnocytophaga canimorsus Capnography Capreomycin Captopri Carbamazepine Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae Carbimazole Carbon monoxide poisoning Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)Carcinoid Heart Disease Carcinoid Tumour Syndrome Carcinoma of the Bile Duct Carcinoma of the Gallbladder Cardiac Amyloid heart disease Cardiac Anatomy and Physiology Cardiac Catheter ablation Cardiac Infections Cardiac MRI Cardiac Resynchronisation Therapy (CRT) Pacemaker Cardiac Valve replacement Cardioembolic stroke Cardiogenic Pulmonary Oedema Cardiogenic shock Cardiology - History Taking Cardiology Exam List Cardiology Examination Cardiology Valves Summary Cardiopulmonary bypass Carmustine Carotid Artery anatomy Carotid Body Tumour Carotid Endarterectomy Carotid Sinus Syncope Carotid Stenting Carotid artery Dissection Carotid sinus massage Carpal tunnel syndrome Carvedilol Case 01 Sudden weakness Case 02 Loss of speech Case 03 Adult male weak legs Case 04 High calcium Case 05 High Potassium and heart failure Case 06 High calcium and weight loss Case 07 Weak eyes Case 08 Weak face Case 09 A cause of Delirium Case 10 Older patient presenting post stroke Case 11 Young patient with acute headache Case 20 Young patient with acute headache Case 21 Hypoglycaemia Case 22 Case 23 Old man with tremor Case 24 Cancer and weak Case 99 (Acute breathlessness)Case Template Cat Scratch Disease Cataract Catheter Related Urinary Tract infection UTI Catheter related Blood stream infection Catheter related UTI Cauda equina syndrome Caudate Nucleus Causes of Airway Obstruction Causes of Avascular Necrosis of Femoral head Causes of Sore throat Causes of Weakness Cavernous angiomas (Cavernomas)Cavernous sinus Cavernous sinus thrombosis Cefaclor Cefalexin Cefotaxime Ceftazidime Ceftriaxone Cefuroxime Celecoxib Cell Response to Injury Cellular Anatomy and Physiology Cellulitis Central Cord Syndrome Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO)Central Retinal artery Occlusion (CRAO)Central Venous line Insertion Central pontine myelinolysis Cephalosporins Cerebellar Anatomy Physiology Signs Disease Cerebellar Haemorrhage Cerebellar Stroke Cerebral Amyloid angiopathy (CAA)Cerebral Aneurysms Cerebral Angiitis Cerebral Atrophy vs Hydrocephalus Cerebral Cortex Cerebral Metastases Cerebral Palsy Cerebral Perfusion Cerebral Salt Wasting Cerebral Venous Sinus thrombosis Cerebral arteritis Cerebral microbleeds Cervical Cancer screening Cervical Spine injury Cervical cancer Cervical spondylosis Cetirizine Chancroid Charcot Foot Syndrome (CFS)Charcot Marie Tooth (CMT) disease Chediak Higashi syndrome Chest Abdomen anatomy Chest X Ray #1 Chest X Ray Interpretation Chest drain Insertion Chlamydia - Chlamydophila pneumoniae Chlamydia psittaci Chlamydia trachomatis Chlorambucil Chloramphenicol Chlordiazepoxide Chloroquine Chlorphenamine(Chlorpheniramine)Chlorpromazine Cholangiocarcinoma Cholera (Vibrio cholera)Cholestatic Jaundice Cholesteatoma Cholesterol - Lipids Cholinergic crisis-syndrome Chondrocalcinosis Chorea - Ballismus Choreoacanthocytosis Chromosome instability syndromes Chronic Bronchitis Chronic Hepatitis Chronic Inflammation Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating polyneuropathy Chronic Interstitial Nephritis Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)Chronic Lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML)Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)Chronic Pancreatitis Chronic Peritonitis Chronic Radiation Enteritis Chronic Urinary Retention Chronic Vision Uni-Bilateral loss (Blindness)Chronic and recurrent Meningitis Chronic liver disease Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis Chronic stable angina Chylomicrons Ciclosporin Cimetidine Cinacalcet Ciprofloxacin Cirrhosis Cisplatin Citalopram Cladribine Clarithromycin Cleft lip or palate Clindamycin Clopidogrel Clostridium botulinum Clostridium difficile Clostridium perfringens Clostridium tetani - Tetanus Clotrimazole cream Clotting pathways Clozapine Co Careldopa (Sinemet)Co-Amoxiclav (Augmentin)Co-Beneldopa (Madopar)Co-codamol Co-trimoxazole Coagulopathy Coal Worker's Pneumoconiosis Coarctation of the Aorta (CoA aortopathy)Cocaine abuse Cocaine induced chest pain Cocaine toxicity Coccidioidomycosis Codeine Coeliac disease Cogan Syndrome Colchicine Cold Agglutinin Disease (CAD/AIHA)Collagen Colloid cyst in the third ventricle Colloids Colonic (Large bowel) Obstruction Colonoscopy Colorectal cancer Colorectal polyps Colposcopy Coma management Combined Oral contraceptive pill (COCP)Common Peroneal Nerve (CPN)Common variable immunodeficiency Comparing Rheumatoid and Osteoarthritis Complement Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA)Confirming Death Congenital Acyanotic Heart Disease (Children)Congenital Adrenal hyperplasia Congenital Complete Heart Block Congenital Cyanotic Heart Disease (Children)Congenital Hypothyroidism Congenital Talipes Equinovarus - Clubfoot Constipation Constrictive Pericarditis Contact allergic dermatitis Continuous Positive Airways Pressure (CPAP)Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis Contraception Conus Medullaris syndrome Cor Pulmonale Coronary artery bypass graft surgery Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID 19 Corticobasal degeneration (Dementia)Corticosteroid-related psychosis Corticosteroids Corynebacterium diphtheriae Cotard delusion Coxiella Burnetii Cranial nerves and examination Craniopharyngioma Creatinine Clearance Cremation forms (UK)Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (Dementia)Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever Critical illness neuromuscular weakness Crohn's disease Croup Cryptococcus neoformans infections Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis Cryptogenic Organising Pneumonia (COP-BOOP)Cryptosporidiosis Crysal arthritis Crystalloids Cushing disease Cushing syndrome Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Cyanide toxicity Cyanosis - Central and Peripheral Cyclizine Cyclo-oxygenase (COX) enzymes Cyclophosphamide Cycloserine Cys leukotriene receptor antagonists Cystic Fibrosis Cystinosis Cystinuria Cytokines Cytomegalovirus infections D Dimer DNA and RNA short notes DNA replication Dabigatran Dalteparin Dandy Walker syndrome Dantrolene Dapagliflozin Darier's Disease Darunavir DeQuervain's thyroiditis Death Certificates (UK)Deep brain stimulation Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)Dehydration Physiology Delayed Puberty Criteria Demeclocycline Dementia with Lewy bodies Dementias Demyelinating Diseases Dengue Fever Denosumab (Prolia)Dental Anatomy Dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy Depression Dermatitis Herpetiformis Dermatology terms Dermatomes Dermatomyositis Dermoid cysts Desferrioxamine Desmopressin (DDAVP)Desogestrel (Progestogen Only Pill)Developmental Dislocation (Dysplasia) of the Hip Developmental Milestones Dexamethasone DiGeorge syndrome (thymic aplasia)Diabetes Insipidus (Cranial and Nephrogenic)Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 and DKA (children)Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in pregnancy Diabetes on the ward Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy (DAN)Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Adults Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) with SGLT2 Inhibitors Diabetic Nephropathy Diabetic Retinopathy Diabetic amyotrophy Diabetic foot Diamond-Blackfan anaemia Diamorphine Diaphragmatic disorders Diarrhoea Diazepam Didanosine (ddI)Diethylstilbestrol Differentials causes of Foot Drop Differentials of ABC Differentials of Generalised lymphadenopathy Differentials of Painful thigh Differentials of XXX Diffuse Oesophageal spasm Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma Diffusion Capacity Digoxin Digoxin Toxicity Dihydrocodeine Dilated cardiomyopathy Diltiazem Diphtheria Dipyridamole Discharges against advice Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE)Disease template Diseases with associated cancers Dislocation Sternoclaivcular joint Disopyramide Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)Distributive Shock Disulfiram (Antabuse)Dobutamine Dog Bites Dog Bites Hand Dominant R wave in V1 Domperidone Donepezil (Aricept)Donovanosis Dopamine Hydrochloride Dopamine agonists Down's syndrome (Trisomy 21)Doxapram Doxazosin (Cardura)Doxepin Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)Doxycycline Driving Drowning Drug Induced Parkinson disease Drug Reaction Eosinophilia Systemic Symptoms DRESS Drug Template Drug Toxicity - clinical assessment Drug Toxicity with Specific Antidotes Drug induced Lupus Erythematosus Drug induced liver disease Drugs Drugs List Drugs to Avoid in Acute Renal failure Drugs to avoid Elderly Drugs to avoid in Liver failure Dry and Wet Gangrene Dual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)Duchenne muscular dystrophy Dulaglutide GLP-1 agonist Duloxetine Duodenal Atresia (Children)Dupuytrens contracture Dysentery Dysphagia ECG - Acute Coronary Syndrome ECG - Acute ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction ECG - Atrial fibrillation ECG - Atrial flutter ECG - Basics ECG - Broad complex tachycardia (possible VT)ECG - Brugada syndrome ECG - Causes of a Dominant R wave in V1 ECG - Early Repolarisation vs STEMI ECG - First degree AV Block ECG - Heart Block ECG - Hyperkalaemia ECG - Interpretation ECG - Ischaemic Heart Disease ECG - Left Axis Deviation ECG - Left Bundle Branch Block LBBB ECG - Left Ventricular Hypertrophy ECG - Low Voltage Complexes ECG - Narrow complex tachycardia ECG - Normal appearance ECG - Pathological Q waves ECG - QT interval ECG - Right Axis Deviation ECG - Right Bundle Branch Block RBBB ECG - ST-T T waves changes ECG - Supraventricular tachycardia ECG - The QRS complex ECG - Tutorial from Queens University ECG - Ventricular fibrillation ECG - Ventricular tachycardia ECG - Wolff Parkinson White syndrome (WPW)ECG - short PR interval ECG - sinus pause ECG - tall R wave V1 ENT Exam - Assessing hearing ENT infections Ebola Virus Disease Ebstein anomaly Echinocytes Echocardiogram Ecstasy toxicity Ectopia lentis (subluxation of the lens)Ectopic Pregnancy Ectropion Eculizumab Edoxaban (Lixiana)Edward syndrome (trisomy 18 syndrome)Efavirenz (Sustiva) EFV Ehlers-Danlos syndromes Ehrlichiosis Eikenella corrodens Eisenmenger's syndrome (Children)Elbow fractures and Injuries Electrical injury Eloquent brain Emergency Drugs Emphysema Empty sella syndrome Emtricitabine (Emtriva) FTC Enalapril End of Life Care Prescribing Endocarditis and Stroke Endocrinology Lab values Endometrial (Uterine) Cancer Endometriosis Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography X Endothelins Enfuvirtide Enoxaparin Sodium (Clexane-Lovenox)Enoximone Entacapone Enterococci Enteropathic Spondyloarthritis Enzyme inducers and inhibitors Eosinophilic granulomatosis (Churg Strauss)Ependymoma Epidural Haematoma Epidural abscess Epilepsy - General Management Epilepsy - Idiopathic Generalised Epilepsy Epilepsy - Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy Epilepsy - Post Traumatic Epilepsy in Pregnancy Episcleritis Epistaxis Eplerenone Eponymous brainstem strokes Epstein-Barr Virus infection Equivalent doses of Opiates Erb Palsy Ergocalciferol (Calciferol)Erlotinib (Tarceva)Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Erythema Multiforme Erythema Nodosum Erythrocyte Sedimentation rate (ESR)Erythrocytes Erythrodermic Psoriasis Erythromycin Escherichia coli Escitalopram Esomeprazole Essential Thrombocythaemia (ET)Essential Tremor Etanercept Ethambutol Ethanol Ethanol toxicity Ethylene glycol toxicity Etomidate Etravirine (intelence) ETR Ewing sarcoma Exenatide (Byetta) GLP1 agonist Exercise stress test Exploding head syndrome Extradural haematoma Extrapyramidal symptoms Extrinsic Allergic alveolitis (Hypersensitivity)Eye infections Ezetimibe Fabry disease Facial Nerve Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy Factor V Leiden Deficiency Faecal Calprotectin Fahr syndrome Failure to thrive or Faltering growth Familial Adenomatous polyposis (FAP)Familial Amyloidosis Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF)Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia (FHH)Family Tree (Pedigree)Famotidine Fanconi Anaemia Fanconi Syndrome Fat embolism Fatigue - Causes Fatty acids Febrile seizures Felodipine (Dihydropyridine)Femoral Hernia Femoral triangle Femur fractures and Inuries Fentanyl - Fentanil Ferritin Ferrous Fumarate - Gluconate - Sulphate Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Fetal circulation Fever - Pyrexia of unknown origin (FUO PUO)Fever in a traveller Fibrates Fibrinogen Fibromuscular dysplasia Fibromyalgia Fidaxomicin Finasteride (5 alpha-reductase inhibitor)First Seizure Fitz-Hugh Curtis Syndrome Flail Chest Flecainide Acetate Flexor sheath infection (flexor tenosynovitis)Flucloxacillin Fluconazole Flucytosine Fludrocortisone Fluid balances status Flumazenil (Annexate - Romazicon)Fluoxetine Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)Foix-Alajouanine syndrome Folate (Folic) acid Folate deficiency Folinic acid (Leucovorin)Fomepizole Fondaparinux Food borne disease Foscarnet Sodium Fosfomycin Fosphenytoin Foster Kennedy Syndrome Fournier's gangrene Fracture Template Fractured Clavicle Fractured Neck of Femur Fractured Pubic Ramus Fractured Scapula Fractured Shaft Femur Fractured Tibia and Fibula Fractures Shaft Humerus Fractures in Children Fractures of Upper humerus Fragile X syndrome Frailty Fraser guidelines and Gillick Competence Free Radicals Friedreich's Ataxia Frontotemporal dementia Full or Complete Blood Count (FBC CBC)Fungi Furosemide (Frusemide)Fusidic acid Fusobacteria - Tropical ulcer Fusobacterium G protein-coupled receptors GP Emergency Drugs Carried Gabapentin Galactorrhoea Galantamine Gamete intra-fallopian tube transfer (GIFT)Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT)Gamma hydroxy butyrate (GHB) toxicity Ganciclovir - Valganciclovir Gardner syndrome Gardnerella vaginalis Gas Gangrene Gastric (MALT) Lymphoma Gastric Cancer Gastric Outlet obstruction (pyloric stenosis)Gastrinoma Gastro Intestinal Stromal Tumours (GIST)Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux (Adult GORD)Gastro-Oesophgeal Reflux (Paediatrics GORD)Gastroenteritis Gastroenterology Exam Lists Gastroenterology Examination Gastroenterology History Gastroenterology assessment - Jaundice Gastrointestinal anatomy and physiology Gastrointestinal perforation Gastrostomy (PEG) tubes Gaucher's disease Gene components Genetic Diseases Gentamicin Giardiasis Gilbert's syndrome Gingival (Gum) hyperplasia-hypertrophy Gitelman's syndrome Glasgow Blatchford Score Glasgow Coma scale Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone)Glibenclamide Gliclazide Glimepiride Glipizide Globus Pallidus Glomerulonephritis Glossitis Glucagon Glucagonoma Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency Glucose Tolerance Test Glutamate Glycated Haemoglobin Glyceryl Trinitrate (GTN)Glycogen storage diseases Glycolysis_Krebs_Electron_Transport_Chain Glycopyrronium Bromide Goitre Golfer's Elbow Golimumab (Simponi)Goodpasture's syndrome (Anti GBM disease)Goserelin (Zoladex)Gradenigo's syndrome Grades of Recommendation Gram Stain Granuloma annulare Granulomatosis with Polyangitis GPA (Wegener)Graves Disease Griseofulvin Growth Hormone Deficiency Guillain Barre Syndrome Gum hypertrophy Guthrie test New Born blood spot Gynaecological History Taking Gynaecomastia HAS-BLED score HIV and Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)HIV and Pre-exposure prophylaxis HIV associated nephropathy (HIVAN)HIV disease Assessment HTLV-1 Associated myelopathy Haematemesis Haematology Examination - Splenomegaly Haematology Lab values Haematuria Mild to Severe Haemodialysis Haemoglobins Haemolysis Haemolytic Anaemia Haemolytic Uraemic syndrome Haemolytic disease of the newborn Haemophilia A Haemophilia B Haemophilus aegyptius Haemophilus ducreyi Haemophilus influenzae Haemophilus parainfluenzae Haemopoiesis Haemorrhagic Transformation Haemorrhagic stroke Haemorrhoids (Piles)Hairy Cell Leukaemia Hairy Leukoplakia Hallervorden-Spatz disease (PKAN)Haloperidol Hamman-Rich syndrome Hand foot and mouth disease Hand fractures and Injuries Hantavirus infections Hartmann's solution (Ringer's lactate)Hartnup disease*Hashimoto's (Steroid responsive) Encephalopathy Hashimoto's thyroiditis HbA1c Head (Brain) Injury Head and Neck Cancers Headache - Analgesic overuse Headache - Assessing Acute and Severe Headache - Basilar Migraine Headache - Cluster Headache - Low CSF pressure Headache - Migraine Headache - Tension Headaches - General Hearing aids Heat Stroke Helicobacter pylori Helvetica Spotted fever Hemicraniectomy Henoch-Schonlein purpura Heparin - General Heparin - Low Molecular Weight Heparin Heparin - Unfractionated Heparin Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)Hepatic Encephalopathy Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Hepatitis D Hepatitis E Hepatocellular Carcinoma Hepatorenal syndromes Hereditary Elliptocytosis Hereditary Haemochromatosis Hereditary Haemorrhagic Telangiectasia Hereditary Spastic Paraparesis Hereditary Spherocytosis Hereditary angio-oedema Hereditary neuropathy with pressure palsies Hereditary non polyposis coli (Lynch syndrome)Herpes Gestationis Herpes Simplex Herpes Simplex Encephalitis (HSV)Herpes Viruses Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus (HZO) Shingles Herpes simplex keratitis (HSK)Heyde syndrome Hiatus hernia Hiccups (Singultus)High Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test Hip pain in children Hirschsprung disease (congenital megacolon)Hirsuitism XXX Histones Histoplasmosis Hodgkin Lymphoma Holt-Oram syndrome Holter monitor (tape) 24-72 h Homocystinuria Hookworm Horner's syndrome Hospital acquired Pneumonia (NICE 139)Human albumin solution (HAS)Human prion diseases Humeral fractures and injuries Hunter's syndrome (MPS-2)Huntington Chorea Hurler's syndrome (MPS-1)Hydatid disease (Echinococcus)Hydatidiform mole Hydralazine Hydrocortisone Hydrogen Bonds Hydrops fetalis Hydroxocobalamin Hydroxocobalamin - Cyanocobalamin (B12)Hydroxychloroquine Hydroxyurea-Hydroxycarbamide Hyoscine (Buscopan)Hyper IgM syndrome Hyperbaric Oxygen therapy Hypercalcaemia Hyperglycaemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS)Hyperinsulinaemic-euglycemic therapy (HIET)Hyperkalaemia Hyperkalaemic and Hypokalaemic Periodic Paralysis Hypermagnesaemia Hypernatraemia Hyperphosphataemia (High phosphate)Hyperprolactinaemia Hypersensitivity reactions Hypertension Hypertension in Pregnancy Hypertriglyceridaemia (HTG)Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM - HOCM)Hyperventilation Syndrome Hyperviscosity syndrome Hypocalcaemia Hypoglycaemia Hypogonadism (Female)Hypogonadism (male)Hypokalaemia Hypokalaemic Periodic Paralysis Hypomagnesaemia Hyponatraemia Hypoparathyroidism Hypophosphataemia (Low phosphate)Hypopituitarism (Pituitary Failure)Hypospadias Hypothermia Hypothyroidism Hypovolaemic or Haemorrhagic Shock IL-12 receptor deficiency IV Immunoglobulin Ibandronic acid (Bisphosphonate)Ibuprofen Icatibant Idiopathic Intracranial hypertension Idiopathic Parkinson disease Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis IgA Nephropathy (Berger's disease)Images - Spot diagoses Imatinib mesylate Imipenem (Primaxin) with Cilastin Immune Reconstitution Syndrome Immune(Idiopathic) Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD)Impetigo Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)Impulse control disorders Inclusion Body Myositis Incubation periods Indapamide Indinavir (IND)Infection screening in Septic patient Infections and their Microbial cause Infectious Mononucleosis Infective Conjunctivitis Infective Endocarditis Infertility Infliximab Influenza Inguinal Hernia Initial Trauma Assessment Injury Severity Score (ISS)Insomnia - sleep issues Insulin Insulinoma Interferon Beta Intermittent Claudication Internal Capsule Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia Interpreting Haematinics Interstitial Keratitis Intestinal obstruction (Children)Intra Aortic Balloon Pump Intraabdominal abscess Intracerebral Haemorrhage (ICH) Score Intracranial HypertensionX Intravenous Iron Replacement (Ferrous)Intraventricular haemorrhage (neonates)Intubation and Mechanical Ventilation Intussusception (Adults)Intussusception (Children)Iodine deficiency Goitre Ipratropium Bromide (Atrovent)Irbesartan Iron Salts Iron deficiency Anaemia Iron toxicity Irritable bowel syndrome Ischaemic Colitis Ischaemic Stroke Ischaemic heart disease Isoniazid Isoprenaline Isosorbide Dinitrate Isosorbide mononitrate Isotretinoin (Accutane)Ispaghula Husk (Fybogel)Ivabradine Jansen Disease Janus kinase 2 Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome Job Syndrome (Hyper IgE syndrome)Jugular Venous Pressure (JVP)Junctional Tachycardia Juvenile Dermatomyositis Juvenile Idiopathic arthritis (Stills Disease)Juvenile Myoclonic epilepsy (JME)Kallmann's syndrome Kaposi sarcoma (KS)Karnofsky performance status scale Kawasaki disease Kennedy Syndrome Keratoconus Kernicterus Ketamine Ketoconazole Klebsiella pneumonia Klinefelter Syndrome (Children)Klumpke palsy Knee fractures and Injuries Koebner phenomenon Kugelberg Welander syndrome Kwashiorkor L-Thyroxine (T4)Labetalol (Trandate)Labyrinthitis - Vestibular Neuronitis Lactate Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)Lactic acidosis Lactobacillus acidophilus Lactose Intolerance Lactulose Lady Windermere syndrome Lambert-Eaton syndrome (LEMS)Lamivudine (3TC)Lamotrigine Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis X Lansoprazole Lanthanum Lateral Medullary Syndrome Laxatives Le Fort Fractures Lead toxicity Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)Leflunomide Legal definition of Blindness Legionella pneumophila Leishmaniasis (Cutaenous and Visceral)Lemierre's syndrome Lenalidomide (Revlimid)Length Dependent Polyneuropathy Lennox-Gastaut syndrome Lenticulostriate branch occlusion Leprosy Leptin Leptospira interrogans Leptospirosis (Weil's Disease) (Notifiable)Leriche syndrome (aortoiliac occlusive disease)Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (Children)Leukaemia Leukaemias in General Leukoariosis Leukocytoclastic vasculitis Leukotrienes Levetiracetam (Keppra)Levodopa Levomepromazine Levosimendan Li Fraumeni syndrome Lichen Planus Liddle's syndrome Lidocaine(Lignocaine)Lightning strike Limb girdle dystrophy Limbic Encephalitis Linagliptin (Trajenta)Linezolid Linkage Liothyronine Sodium L-Triodothyronine (T3)Lipid emulsion therapy - Intralipid Lipid management [NICE 2014]Lipoatrophy Lipoprotein lipase deficiency Liraglutide (Victoza)Lisinopril Listerial Meningitis Listeriosis Lithium Lithium toxicity Livedo Reticularis Liver Anatomy Physiology Liver Biopsy Liver Function Tests Liver Transplantation Liver abscess Liver disease in Pregnancy Localisation of cortical function Lofepramine Long QT syndrome (LQTS) Acquired Long QT syndrome (LQTS) Congenital Long term Oxygen therapy (LTOT)Loop diuretics Looser's zones Loperamide Lopinavir Loratadine Lorazepam Losartan Low Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding Lugol iodine Lumbar puncture and CSF interpretation Lumbrosacral radiculopathy Lung Abscess Lung Cancer Lung Compliance Lung Empyema Lung Transplant Lupus Nephritis Lupus Vulgaris Lyme disease Lymphocytic Hypophysitis Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV)Lyonization Lysosomal storage diseases MCune Albright syndrome MELAS Macrocytic anaemia Macroglossia Magnesium Physiology Magnesium Sulphate - Sulfate Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography Magnetic resonance imaging Major Histocompatibility complex Malabsorption - small intestine Malaria (non falciparum)Malaria Falciparum Male Infertility Male Urethral Catheterisation Male erectile dysfunction Malignant Ascites Malignant Hyperpyrexia (Malignant Hyperthermia)Malignant Hypertension Malignant Melanoma Malignant pleural mesothelioma Mallet Finger Mallory-Weiss Tear Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool Mania Mannitol Mantle cell lymphoma Marantic Endocarditis Marasmus Maraviroc (Celsentri)Marfan syndrome Marginal Zone Lymphoma Massive Haemoptysis Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)McArdles disease (type V)Measles (notifiable)Mebeverine Meckel's diverticulum Meconium Median Nerve Medical Mnemonics Basic Sciences Medical Mnemonics Cardiology Medical Mnemonics Endocrine Medical Mnemonics Mental Health Medical Mnemonics Miscellaneous Medical Mnemonics Neurology Medical Procedures Medical Teeth Medullary Sponge kidney Medulloblastoma Mefenamic acid Mefloquine (Larium)Megaloblastic anaemia Melatonin Melioidosis Memantine Hydrochloride Membranous Glomerulonephritis Menetrier disease Meniere disease Meningioma Meningitis in the Immunocompromised Menopause Menstrual cycle Mental Capacity Act 2005 Mental Health Act 1983 Mental State Examination Mercaptopurine Meropenem Mesalazine (Aminosalicylate)Mesangiocapillary Glomerulonephritis Mesenteric infarction Metabolic Syndrome X Metabolic acidosis Metabolic alkalosis Metachromic leucodystrophy Metastatic Adenocarcinoma Metastatic bone disease Metformin Methaemoglobinaemia Methanol Toxicity Methodone Methods to reduce toxin absorption Methotrexate Methylcellulose Methylprednisolone Metoclopramide Metolazone Metoprolol Metronidazole (Flagyl)Metyrapone (Metopirone)Miconazole Microangiopathic Haemolytic anaemia Microcytic anaemia Microscopic Polyangiitis Microscopic colitis Microstomia Midazolam Middle East Resp Syndrome (MERS) Coronavirus Midodrine Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS)Miller-Fisher syndrome Milwaukee shoulder syndrome Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE)Minimal Change Disease Glomerulonephritis Minocycline Minoxidil Mirabegron Mirizzi syndrome Mirtazapine Miscarriage Misoprostol Mitochondrial diseases Mitral Regurgitation (Incompetence)Mitral Stenosis Mitral Stenosis vs Regurgitation - Dominance Mitral Valve prolapse Mittleschmerz Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD)Mobility aids Modified Duke Criteria for Endocarditis Modified Oxford Handicap Scale (MOHS)Modified Rankin Score Molluscum contagiosum Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance Monocular loss of vision Monocytes Monosodium glutamate (MSG) syndrome Montelukast Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA)Moraxella catarrhalis Morphine Sulphate Mosquito borne diseases Motor Neuron Disease (MND-ALS)Moyamoya disease Mucormycosis Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia Multifocal Motor Neuropathy with Conduction block Multiple Antithrombotics Anticoagulants Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 1 (MEN1)Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type II (MEN2)Multiple Myeloma Multiple Pregnancy Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Demyelination Multiple System Atrophy (MSA)Mumps (Notifiable)Muscles of the Abdominal Region Muscles of the Back Muscles of the Head and Neck Muscles of the Lower Limb Muscles of the Pelvis and Perineum Muscles of the Thoracic Region Muscles of the Upper limb Myasthenia Gravis Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Mycophenolate mofetil Mycoplasma pneumoniae Mycoplasmas Mycosis Fungoides (Sezary Syndrome)Myelodysplastic syndrome (Myelodysplasia)Myelofibrosis Myelofibrosis vs CML Myelopathy Myeloproliferative disorders Myobacterium avium Complex Infection Myocardial perfusion Myoclonus Myotonic dystrophy - Dystropica myotonica Myxoedema coma N-Acetylcysteine (Parvolex)NEWS Reacting to Low Oxygen Saturations NICE Guidelines Links NICE Trauma Guidance Summary 2016 NSAID toxicity Naloxone (Narcan) Opiate antagonist Naproxen Narcolepsy Nasal polyps Nasogastric tube insertion Natalizumab (Tysabri)National Early Warning Score NEWS 2 Score Neck Pain Neck swellings and lumps Necrotising Enterocolitis (Infants)Necrotising fasciitis Needlestick injury Nefopam Neisseria gonorrhoeae Neisseria meningitidis Nelson Syndrome Neomycin Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome NAS Neonatal Jaundice Neonatal Lupus Erythematosus Neonatal meningitis Neostigmine Nephritic syndrome Nephroblastoma (Wilm's tumour)Nephrotic syndrome Nephrotoxic drugs Nerve conduction studies Nerve fibres Neuroanatomy 101 Neuroanatomy images Neuroblastoma Neurocysticercosis Neuroferrinopathy Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Neurofibromatosis Type 2 Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Neurological - Relative Afferent pupillary defect Neurological - Vision and Eye movements Neurological Examination - Cognition Neurological Examination - Cortical Functions Neurological Examination - Motor Neurological Examination - Sensory Neurological Examination - Speech&Language Neurological Lists Neurological assessment - Ptosis Neurological examination - Eyes Neurological or ENT Examination - Nystagmus Neurology - History taking Neurology Exam - Reflex findings Neuromyelitis optica*Neuropathic Pain Management Neurotransmitters Neutropenia Neutropenic Sepsis Neutrophil Alkaline Phosphatase Neutrophils Nevirapine (Viramune) NEV-NVP Niacin deficiency (Pellagra Vitamin B6)Nicardipine (Cardene)Nicorandil Niemann-Pick disease Nifedipine Nimodipine (Nimotop)Nitric Oxide Nitrofurantoin Nitrous oxide Nizatidine Nocardia Noise induced hearing loss Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease NAFLD Non Convulsive Status Epilepticus Non Hodgkin Lymphoma Non alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)Non gonococcal urethritis Non invasive ventilation (NIV)Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)Non sustained Ventricular tachycardia Noonan syndrome Noradrenaline Normal Distribution Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Normal Saline 0.9%Normocytic anaemia Nortriptyline Nosocomial infections Notifiable disease and organisms UK Nutrition in Infants Breatsfeeding Nystatin OSCE - Administer IV Injection OSCE - Blood culture OSCE - Venepuncture OSCE - Venous Cannula Insertion Obsessive-Compulsive disorder Obstetric definitions Obstructive Shock Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Octreotide Oculomotor Nerve (IIIrd Cranial Nerve)Oedema Oesophageal Carcinoma Oesophageal Perforation - Rupture Oesophageal Variceal Bleeding Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy Olanzapine Olfactory Nerve (I)Oligodendroglioma Olmersartan Olsalazine (Aminosalicylate)Omalizumab Omeprazole Onchocerciasis Oncogenic viruses Oncological emergencies Ondansetron One Table Template Ophthalmology Exam Lists Opiate Toxicity Opiates Opicapone Opioid toxicity Optic Neuritis-Neuropathy Optic atrophy Optic tract anatomy Oral Aphthous Ulcers Oral Candidiasis Oral Leukoplakia Orbital vs Preorbital Cellulitis Organism and sensitivities Organophosphate (OP) Poisoning Orphenadrine Orthopaedic infections Orthostatic - Postural hypotension Oscillopsia Oseltamivir - Tamiflu Osteoarthritis Osteogenesis Imperfecta Osteogenic sarcoma (Osteosarcoma)Osteomalacia-Rickets-Vitamin D Osteomyelitis Osteonecrosis of the jaw Osteopetrosis Osteoporosis Otitis Externa (Malignant)Otitis Media Otosclerosis Ottawa rules for ankle and foot x-ray Ovarian Cancer Ovarian Cyst Ovary Oxford community stroke project (Bamford)Oxybutynin (Ditropan)Oxycodone (Oxycontin-Oxynorm)Oxygen delivery devices Oxytetracycline PEDIS Score for Diabetic Foot Ulcers POEMS syndrome Pabrinex Pacemaker DDD Pacemaker VVI Pacemaker syndrome Pacemakers Pacing - Indications for temporary pacing Paediatric emergencies Paediatrics Paget's (Bone) disease Pain Management Painful Shoulder syndromes Palliatiion - Nausea Dyspnoea Secretions Pain Palliation prescribing Palpitations Pamidronate (Bisphosphonate)Pancoast tumour (Cancer)Pancreatic Cancer Panton-Valentine leucocidin toxin Pantoprazole Papilloedema Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)Paracetamol toxicity Paradoxical embolisation Paraneoplastic Encephalitis with NMDA antibodies Paraneoplastic Limbic Encephalitis (Dementia)Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration Paraphimosis Paraquat toxicity Parkinson Plus syndromes Parkinsonism Paronychia Paroxetine Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria Parvovirus (Erythrovirus 19) B19 infection Pasteurella multocida Patau syndrome (trisomy 13)Patent Ductus arteriosus (PDA) (Children)Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO)Pathogen - pattern recognition receptors Pathological bone fracture Pegvisomant Pelvic fractures Pemphigus Vulgaris Penetrating Abdominal Trauma Penetrating Thoracic Trauma Penicillamine Penicillins Penile Cancer Peptic ulcer disease Percutaenous Coronary Intervention (PCI ACS)Pergolide Pericardial Effusion_Tamponade Perimesencephalic Subarachnoid haemorrhage Perindopril Perinephric abscess Perioperative Anticoagulation Peripartum cardiomyopathy Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)Peripheral Cannula Insertion Peripheral Nerve Palsies*Peripheral neuropathy Peripherally inserted central catheters Pernicious anaemia Perthes disease (Osteochondritis of the Hip)Pethidine Peutz-Jeghers syndrome Phaeochromocytoma Phagocytes Pharmacokinetic notes Pharmacokinetics Pharyngeal arch derivatives Phenobarbital sodium Phenoxymethylpenicillin (Penicillin V)Phentolamine Phenylketonuria (PKU)Phenytoin (Dilantin)Philadelphia chromosome Phimosis Phobic disorders Phocomelia and Thalidomide Phosphorus Physiology of vision Picolax - Citrafleet Pilonidal Abscess (sinus)Pioglitazone (Thiazolidinediones)Pituitary Adenoma Pituitary Anatomy and Physiology Pituitary Apoplexy Pityriasis or Tinea versicolor infections Pityriasis rosea Pivmecillinam (a penicillin antibiotic)Placenta praevia Placental abruption Plantar fasciitis Plasmacytoma Plasmapharesis Plasmids Pleural effusion Pleural tap (thoracentesis)Pneumococcal meningititis Pneumoconiosis Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia Pneumonia Pneumothorax Poisons eliminated Haemodialysis - perfusion Poliomyelitis Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN)Polyarticular arthritis Polycystic Ovary syndrome Polycythaemia Vera (primary polycythaemia)Polymerase chain reaction Polymorphic light eruption Polymyalgia Rheumatica Polymyositis Polypharmacy Start Criteria Polypharmacy Stop Criteria Polyuria Pontine-Midbrain haemorrhage Porphyria Cutanea Tarda (PCT)Porphyria Testing Portal Hypertension Positron Emission Tomography Post Menopausal Bleeding Post Operative Management Post Partum Thyroiditis Post Polio Syndrome Post Splenectomy Post Streptococcal/Infectious Glomerulonephritis Post Stroke Epilepsy (PSE)Post traumatic stress disorder Post-exposure prophylaxis with Immunoglobulins Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES Posterior circulation Postpartum haemorrhage Potassium Physiology Pralidoxime Pramipexole (Mirapexin)Prasugrel Pravastatin Praxbind - Idarucizumab Praziquantel Prazosin Pre-Operative Assessment PreEclampsia, Eclapsmia and HELLP Prednisolone Prednisone Pregabalin Premature Labour Premature Menopause Presbyacusis Prescribing Information Prescribing in Pregnancy Pressure sores Prevotella (Bacteroides) melaninogenica Priapism Primaquine Primary (Chronic simple) Open angle Glaucoma Primary Biliary Cirrhosis Primary CNS Lymphoma Primary Hyperparathyroidism Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Primary ciliary dyskinesia Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn's syndrome)Primary progressive aphasia (Dementia)Probenicid Prochlorperazine (Stemetil)Procyclidine Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP)Prolactinoma Propafenone Propantheline Propionibacterium Propofol Propranolol Propylthiouracil Prostate cancer Prosthetic Valves Protamine Sulfate Protein C Deficiency Protein S Deficiency Protein losing enteropathy Protein p53 Protein synthesis Proteus Prothrombin 20210A mutation Prothrombin Complex Concentrates (PCC)Prothrombin time and Coagulation Prothrombotic disorders Proton Pump Inhibitors Proximal myopathy Prucalopride Psammoma bodies Pseudohypoparathyroidism Pseudomonas infection (Pseudomonas aeruginosa)Psoas Abscess Psoriasis Psoriatic arthritis Psychogenic Polydipsia Pubic Lice (Pediculosis Pubis)Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis Pulmonary Arteriovenous malformation Pulmonary Embolism Pulmonary Eosinophilia and CXR changes Pulmonary Hypertension Pulmonary Hypertension - Primary Pulmonary Regurgitation Pulmonary Stenosis Pulmonary hypertension - Secondary Pulse oximetry Putamen Putaminal Haemorrhage Pyloric stenosis (Children)Pyoderma gangrenosum Pyonephrosis Pyrazinamide Pyridostigmine Pyruvate Kinase deficiency Quetiapine Quinine Quinine toxicity Rabies Radial Pulse Radial nerve Radiation exposure Radioactive iodine (I 131)Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation Radius and Ulna fractures and Injuries Raloxifene Raltegravir Ramipril Ramsay Hunt syndrome Ranitidine Ranolazine Rapid sequence intubation (RSI)Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis Rasagiline Rasburicase Raynaud's Phenomenon Reactive arthritis Rectal Prolapse Red cell aplasia Red eye Refeeding syndrome Referring to Level 2 or 3 care (ITU ICU HDU)Refractive Errors Refsum's disease Relapsing polychondritis Remdesvir (Veklury)Renal Artery Stenosis Renal Papillary Necrosis Renal Physiology I Renal Stones (Nephrolithiasis)Renal Transplantation Renal Tubular Acidosis Renal Vein Thrombosis Renal cell carcinoma Renal physiology Renin and Aldosterone Renin ratio (ARR)Renin-angiotensin system Respiratory (Chest) infections and pneumonia Respiratory - 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Age over 65 Simvastatin Sinus Bradycardia Sinus Node disease Sinus Tachycardia Sitagliptin Sitosterolemia Sjogren's syndrome Skin and soft tissue infections Skull Anatomy Sleep physiology Slipped Upper Femoral Epiphysis (SUFE)Small Bowel Ischaemia Small Bowel Obstruction Small vessel disease Smallpox Smoking Snake Bites Sneddon Syndrome Sodium Bicarbonate Sodium Nitroprusside Sodium Physiology Sodium Picosulfate Sodium Thiopental - Sodium Thiopentone Sodium Valproate (Epilim Depakote)Sodium Zirconium Cyclosilicate (Lokelma)Soft tissue injuries (sprains, strains)Solifenacin Solitary Pulmonary Nodule Sotalol Hydrochloride Spetzler-Martin Grading of AVM Spina Bifida Spinal Cord Anatomy Spinal Cord Arteriovenous Malformations Spinal Cord Compression Spinal Cord Haematoma Spinal Cord Infarction Spinal Stenosis Spirometry Spironolactone Spleen Splenic Rupture Spondylolisthesis Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis Spontaneous intracranial hypotension Squamous Cell Carcinoma St John's Wort Staphylococcal Infections Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus epidermidis Staphylococcus saprophyticus Statin Status Epilepticus (Epilepsy)Stavudine (Zerit) d4T Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Stiff Person Syndrome Strabismus (Lazy Eye)Streptobacillus moniliformis Streptococci - anaerobes Streptococcus Streptococcus agalactiae Streptococcus milleri Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus)Streptococcus pyogenes Streptococcus viridans Streptokinase Streptomycin Stridor Stroke - Arterial Occlusion and clinical correlate Stroke - Epidemiology and risk factors Stroke - General Management Stroke - Imaging Stroke ASPECTS scoring Stroke Collaterals Stroke Risk Factors Stroke Thrombolysis Strongyloides stercoralis (threadworm)Strontium Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis Subacute Thyroiditis Subarachnoid Haemorrhage Subclavian Steal Syndrome Subclavian vein thrombosis Subdural haematoma Sucralfate Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD)Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL)Suicide Sulfasalazine - Sulphasalazine Sulphonamide (Sulphamethoxazole)Sumatriptan Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA) Syndrome Superior Sagittal Sinus Thrombosis Superior vena caval obstruction syndrome Supracondylar Femur Fractures Supracondylar Humerus Fractures Supraspinatus tendonitis Supraventricular Tachycardia Surgical Cricothyroidotomy Surgical prophylaxis Surgical site infection Susac syndrome Suxamethonium Sydenham's chorea Synchronised DC Cardioversion Syncope Syndrome X (Cardiology)Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH) secretion Syndromes with Severe Cognitive Issues Syphilis Syringobulbia Syringomyelia Systemic Amyloidosis Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)Systemic Mastocytosis Systemic Sclerosis T cells TIMI score TMN Staging tumours TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome TORCH infections TURP Hyponatraemia syndrome Tabes dorsalis Tacrolimus Tafamidis Takayasu arteritis (pulseless disease)Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Tamoxifen Tamsulosin (Flomax)Tanner Stages of Pubertal Development Tardive Dyskinesias Tay-Sachs disease Tazocin (Tazobactam - Piperacillin)Teicoplanin Telomeres Temazepam Temozolomide (Temodal)Template X Template two columns list Temporal (Giant Cell GCA) Arteritis Tenecteplase Tennis Elbow Tensilon test Tension Pneumothorax Terbutaline Teriparatide Terlipressin Tertiary hyperparathyroidism Testicular Cancer Testicular torsion Testing Tetrabenazine Tetracosactide (Synacthen)Tetracyclines Tetralogy of Fallot (Children)Thalamic Haemorrhage Thalamic Pain Syndrome Thalamic Stroke Syndrome Thalidomide Theophylline Theophylline toxicity Thiamine Third Degree (complete) Heart Block Thoracic Trauma Thoracic anatomy Thoracic outlet syndrome Thrombocytosis Thrombolysis Thrombophilia testing Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)Thyroglossal Cyst (Children)Thyroid Cancer Thyroid Function Tests and antbodies Thyroid Gland Thyroid Storm - Thyrotoxic crisis Thyroid Surgery (Thyroidectomy)Thyroid nodule Thyrotoxicosis and Hyperthyroidism Tiagabine Tibia and Fibula fractures and Injuries Ticagrelor Tick Paralysis Timolol Tinea capitis Tinidazole Tinzaparin (Innohep)Tiotropium (Spiriva)Titre - Titer Tocilizumab Tolbutamide Tolcapone Tolosa Hunt Syndrome Tolterodine Tolvaptan Tongue tie - ankyloglossia (Children)Topiramate (Topamax)Torsades de pointes (Polymorphic VT)Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Drainage Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN)Toxic Megacolon Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxoplasmosis Tramadol Tranexamic Acid Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI)Transfer factor (TLCO)Transfusion ten commandments Transient Global Amnesia (TGA)Transient Ischaemic Attack (TIA)Transient Monocular Blindness (TMB)Transoesophageal Echocardiography (TOE-TEE)Transplant and organ rejection Transposition of the great arteries (Children)Transverse myelitis Trastuzumab (Herceptin)Traumatic Spinal Injury Travellers Diarrhoea Trazodone Treponema Triangles of the neck Trichinellosis Tricuspid Atresia (Children)Tricuspid Regurgitation Tricuspid Stenosis Tricyclic Antidepressant Toxicity Tricyclic antidepressants Trigeminal Nerve Trigeminal neuralgia Trihexyphenidyl (benzhexol)Trimethoprim Trinucleotide (triplet) repeats Trochlear Nerve Tropheryma whipplei (Whipple disease)Tropical Sprue Truncus Arteriosus (Children)Tuberculosis Tuberculous Meningitis Tuberous sclerosis Tularaemia Tumour Lysis Syndrome Tumour markers Turcot's syndrome (Brain tumor polyposis syndrome)Turner's syndrome (Children)Two list Table template Typhoid - Paratyphoid fever (Enteric Fever)Tyrosine Kinase receptors US vs UK Drug names Ubiquitin Ulcerative Colitis Ulnar nerve Ultrasound - Echo basics Undifferentiated Inflammatory Arthritis (Children)Unexplained symptoms Upper Gastrointestinal Bleed (GI Bleed)Upper-Lower Motor Neurone signs Urea and Electrolytes Urethral syndome Urinary Catheterisation Urinary Incontinence (Stress and Urge)Urinary Tract Infection (UTI Children)Urinary Tract Infections Urinary Tract Obstruction Urinary UTI Antibiotic guidance Urine Analysis Urothelial tumours Urticaria Uterus VIPomas VTE DVT PE in Pregnancy Vaginal Carcinoma Valaciclovir Valsartan Vancomycin Variable rate intravenous insulin infusion VRIII Variant (Prinzmetal) Angina Varicella-Zoster (Chickenpox Shingles) Infection Variegate Porphyria Vascular Dementia Vasculitis - General Issues and Classification Vasopressin (AVP) Antidiuretic hormone Vasovagal syncope Vaughan-Williams Classification Vecuronium Vedolizumab (Entyvio)Venlafaxine Venous Insufficiency and Leg Ulcers Venous access Venflons and Central lines Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP)Ventricular Fibrillation Ventricular Septal defect (VSD) (Children)Ventricular Tachycardia Ventricular ectopic beats Verapamil Vertebral artery dissection Vertigo Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) (Children)Vibrio parahaemolyticus Vibrio vulnificus Vibrio vulnificus Vigabatrin (Sabril)Vinblastine Vincristine Viral Meningitis Viral associated cancers Viruses Visual acuity Vitamin A deficiency (Children)Vitamin B1 Thiamine deficiency Vitamin B12 deficiency Vitamin B12 excess Vitamin C deficiency (Scurvy)Vitamin D (1,25 OH2)Vitamin D (25 OH D)Vitamin D deficiency Vitamin D resistant rickets (Children)Vitamin K (Phytomenadione)Vitamin K deficiency Vitiligo Voltarol (Diclofenac)Von Gierke Disease (Children)Von Hippel Lindau Von Willebrand Disease Waardenburg's syndrome (Children)Wagner Classification Diabetic foot ulcers Waldenstrom Macroglobulinaemia (WM)Wallerian Degeneration Warfarin Warfarin and Bleeding Water Physiology Watershed Infarcts Werdnig Hoffman Disease (Children)Wernicke Korsakoff Syndrome White Blood Cells - Leukocytes Williams Syndrome (Children)Wilson disease Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (Children)Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome (WPW)Wolfram syndrome (DIDMOAD)Wound healing X linked Agammaglobulinaemia (Bruton)X linked Hypophosphataemic rickets X-linked Ichthyosis X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (Children)Xeroderma pigmentosum Yellow Fever Yellow Nail Syndrome Yersinia enterocolitica Yersinia pestis - Bubonic Plague Yersinia pseudotuberculosis ZZAAA ZZ_Abnormal char Zabramski Classification of Cavernomas Zidovudine (Retrovir) AZT - ZDV Zieve's syndrome Zika virus Zinc deficiency Zoledronic acid Zollinger Ellison syndrome Zolpidem Zopiclone eGFR

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Anatomy of the Muscles of the Lower Limb

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Anatomy

Muscles of the Lower Limb - Listed Alphabetically
Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Action	Innervation	Artery	Notes
abductor digiti minimi (foot)	medial and lateral sides of the tuberosity of the calcaneus	lateral side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the 5th digit	abducts the 5th toe; flexes the metatarsophalangeal joint	lateral plantar nerve	lateral plantar a.	abductor digiti minimi forms the lateral margin of the sole of the foot
abductor hallucis	medial side of the tuberosity of calcaneus	medial side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the great toe (hallux)	abducts the great toe; flexes the metatarsophalangeal joint	medial plantar nerve	medial plantar a.	abductor hallucis forms the medial margin of the sole of the foot (Latin, hallex = great toe)
adductor brevis	inferior pubic ramus	pectineal line and linea aspera (deep to the pectineus and adductor longus mm.)	adducts, flexes, and medially rotates the femur	anterior division of the obturator nerve	obturator a., deep femoral a.	anterior and posterior divisions of the obturator nerve lie on the anterior and posterior surfaces of adductor brevis
adductor hallucis	oblique head: bases of metatarsals 2-4; transverse head: heads of metatarsals 3-5	lateral side of base of the proximal phalanx of the great toe	adducts the great toe (moves it toward midline of the foot; i.e.toward the 2nd digit)	deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve	plantar arterial arch	the plantar arterial arch passes superior to the oblique head of adductor hallucis (Latin, hallex = great toe)
adductor longus	medial portion of the superior pubic ramus	linea aspera of the femur	adducts, flexes, and medially rotates the femur	anterior division of the obturator nerve	obturator a., deep femoral a.	the most anterior of the adductor group of muscles
adductor magnus	ischiopubic ramus and ischial tuberosity	linea aspera of the femur; the ischiocondylar part inserts on the adductor tubercle of the femur	adducts, flexes, and medially rotates the femur; extends the femur (ischiocondylar part)	posterior division of the obturator nerve; tibial nerve (ischiocondylar part)	obturator a., deep femoral a., medial femoral circumflex a.	the ischiocondylar part of adductor magnus is a hamstring muscle by embryonic origin and action, so it is innervated by the tibial nerve
adductor minimus	lower portion of the inferior pubic ramus	gluteal ridge and upper part of the linea aspera of the femur	adducts and laterally rotates the femur	posterior division of the obturator nerve	obturator a., medial femoral circumflex a., deep femoral a.	adductor minimus m. is the uppermost fibers of the adductor magnus m.
articularis genu	anterior surface of the femur above the patellar surface	articular capsule of the knee	elevates the articular capsule of the knee joint	femoral nerve	descending genicular a.	articularis genu is formed by muscle fascicles deep to the vastus intermedius m.
biceps femoris	long head: ischial tuberosity; short head: lateral lip of the linea aspera	head of fibula and lateral condyle of the tibia	extends the thigh, flexes the leg	long head: tibial nerve; short head: common fibular (peroneal) nerve	perforating branches of the deep femoral a.	one of the "hamstring" muscles
dorsal interosseous (foot)	shafts of adjacent metatarsal bones	bases of the proximal phalanges for digit 2 (both sides) & digits 3,4 (lateral side)	abduct digits 2-4 (move these digits away from midline as defined by a plane passing through the 2nd digit); flex the metatarsophalangeal joints and extend the interphalangeal joints of those digits	deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve	dorsal metatarsal aa.	four in number; remember DAB (Dorsal interossei ABduct) and PAD (Plantar interossei ADduct), then logic can tell you where these muscles insert (Latin, inter = between + os = bone)
extensor digitorum brevis	superolateral surface of the calcaneus	extensor expansion of toes 1-4	extends toes 1-4	deep fibular (peroneal) nerve	dorsalis pedis a.	the part of the extensor digitorum brevis that goes to the great toe is called the extensor hallucis brevis m.
extensor digitorum longus	lateral condyle of the tibia, anterior surface of the fibula, lateral portion of the interosseous membrane	dorsum of the lateral 4 toes via extensor expansions (central slip inserts on base of middle phalanx, lateral slips on base of distal phalanx)	extends the metatarsophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints of the lateral 4 toes	deep fibular (peroneal) nerve	anterior tibial a.	one of the muscles involved in anterior compartment syndrome
extensor hallucis brevis	superolateral surface of the calcaneus	dorsum of base of proximal phalanx of the great toe	extends the great toe	deep fibular (peroneal) nerve	dorsalis pedis a.	usually considered to be the medial-most part of the extensor digitorum brevis m. (Latin, hallex = great toe)
extensor hallucis longus	middle half of the anterior surface of the fibula and the interosseous membrane	base of the distal phalanx of the great toe	extends the metatarsophalangeal interphalangeal joints of the great toe	deep fibular (peroneal) nerve	anterior tibial a.	one of the muscles involved in anterior compartment syndrome (Latin, hallex = great toe)
fibularis (peroneus) brevis	lower one third of the lateral surface of the fibula	tuberosity of the base of the 5th metatarsal	extends (plantar flexes) and everts the foot	superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve	fibular (peroneal) a.	stress fracture of the base of the 5th metatarsal bone is a common runner's injury
fibularis (peroneus) longus	upper two/thirds of the lateral surface of the fibula	after crossing the plantar surface of the foot deep to the intrinsic muscles, it inserts on the medial cuneiform and the base of the 1st metatarsal bone	extends (plantar flexes) and everts the foot	superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve	fibular (peroneal) a.	fibularis longus lies superficial to the fibularis brevis m. in the lateral compartment of the leg
fibularis (peroneus) tertius	distal part of the anterior surface of the fibula	dorsum of the shaft of the 5th metatarsal bone	everts the foot	deep fibular (peroneal) nerve	anterior tibial a.	fibularis tertius is in the anterior compartment of the leg, not the lateral compartment (which contains fibularis longus and brevis)
flexor digiti minimi brevis (foot)	base of 5th metatarsal bone	lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit	flexes the metatarsophalangeal joint of the 5th digit	lateral plantar nerve	lateral plantar a.	none
flexor digitorum brevis	tuberosity of the calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis, intermuscular septae	base of the middle phalanx of digits 2-5 after splitting to allow passage of the flexor digitorum longus tendons	flexes the metatarsophalangeal & proximal interphalangeal joints of digits 2-5	medial plantar nerve	medial and lateral plantar aa.	flexor digitorum brevis in the foot is equivalent to the flexor digitorum superficialis m. of the arm
flexor digitorum longus	middle half of the posterior surface of the tibia	bases of the distal phalanges of digits 2-5	flexes the metatarsophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints of digits 2-5; plantar flexes the foot	tibial nerve	tibial a.	flexor digitorum longus in the leg is equivalent to the flexor digitorum profundus m. of the arm
flexor hallucis brevis	cuboid, lateral cuneiform, medial side of the first metatarsal	medial belly: medial side of proximal phalanx of the great toe; lateral belly: lateral side of the proximal phalanx of the great toe	flexes the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe	medial plantar nerve (lateral belly occasionally receives innervation from the lateral plantar nerve)	medial plantar a.	each tendon of insertion contains a sesamoid bone (Latin, hallex = great toe)
flexor hallucis longus	lower 2/3 of the posterior surface of the fibula	base of the distal phalanx of the great toe	flexes the metatarsophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints of the great toe; plantar flexes the foot	tibial nerve	fibular (peroneal) a. and tibial a.	flexor hallucis longus is very important in the "push off" part of the normal gait (Latin, hallex = great toe)
gastrocnemius	femur; medial head: above the medial femoral condyle; lateral head: above the lateral femoral condyle	dorsum of the calcaneus via the calcaneal (Achilles') tendon	flexes leg; plantar flexes foot	tibial nerve	sural aa. (from the popliteal a.), posterior tibial a.	the calcaneal tendon of the gastrocnemius and soleus is the thickest and strongest tendon in the body
gemellus, inferior	ischial tuberosity	obturator internus tendon	laterally rotates the femur	nerve to the quadratus femoris m.	inferior gluteal a.	gemellus is a Latin word that means "little twin"
gemellus, superior	ischial spine	obturator internus tendon	laterally rotates the femur	nerve to the obturator internus m.	inferior gluteal a.	gemellus is a Latin word that means "little twin"
gluteus maximus	posterior gluteal line, posterior surface of sacrum and coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament	upper fibers: iliotibial tract; lowermost fibers: gluteal tuberosity of the femur	extends the thigh; laterally rotates the femur	inferior gluteal nerve	superior and inferior gluteal aa.	gluteus maximus is a site of intramuscular injection
gluteus medius	external surface of the ilium between the posterior and anterior gluteal lines	greater trochanter of the femur	abducts the femur; medially rotates the thigh	superior gluteal nerve	superior gluteal a.	the angle at which the gluteus medius tendon approaches the greater trochanter of the femur is anterior to the axis of rotation of the thigh, resulting in medial rotation
gluteus minimus	external surface of the ilium between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines	greater trochanter of the femur	abducts the femur; medially rotates the thigh	superior gluteal nerve	superior gluteal a.	the angle at which the gluteus minimus tendon approaches the greater trochanter of the femur is anterior to the axis of rotation of the thigh, resulting in medial rotation
gracilis	pubic symphysis and the inferior pubic ramus	medial surface of the tibia (via pes anserinus)	adducts the thigh, flexes and medially rotates the thigh, flexes the leg	anterior division of the obturator nerve	obturator a.	the pes anserinus is the common insertion of the gracilis, sartorius, and semitendinosus mm. (Latin, pes anserinus = goose's foot; gracilis = slender)
iliacus	iliac fossa and iliac crest; ala of sacrum	lesser trochanter of the femur	flexes the thigh; if the thigh is fixed it flexes the pelvis on the thigh	femoral nerve	iliolumbar a.	inserts in company with the psoas major m. via the iliopsoas tendon
iliopsoas	iliac fossa; bodies and transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae	lesser trochanter of the femur	flexes the thigh; flexes and laterally bends the lumbar vertebral column	branches of the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L2-L4; branches of the femoral nerve	iliolumbar a.	a combination of the iliacus and psoas major mm.
inferior gemellus	ischial tuberosity	obturator internus tendon	laterally rotates the femur	nerve to the quadratus femoris m.	inferior gluteal a.	Latin, gemellus = little twin
interosseous, dorsal (foot)	shafts of adjacent metatarsal bones	bases of the proximal phalanges for digit 2 (both sides) & digits 3,4 (lateral side)	abduct digits 2-4 (move these digits away from midline as defined by a plane passing through the 2nd digit); flex the metatarsophalangeal joints and extend the interphalangeal joints of those digits	deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve	dorsal metatarsal aa.	four in number; remember DAB (Dorsal interossei ABduct) and PAD (Plantar interossei ADduct), then logic can tell you where these muscles insert (Latin, inter = between + os = bone)
interosseous, plantar	base and medial side of metatarsals 3-5	bases of proximal phalanges and extensor expansions of digits 3-5	adduct digits 3-5 (move these digits toward the midline of the foot as defined by a plane through the second digit); flex the metacarpophalangeal and extend interphalangeal joints of digits 3-5	deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve	plantar metatarsal aa.	remember PAD (Plantar interossei ADduct) and DAB (Dorsal interossei ABduct), and logic will tell you where these muscles must insert (Latin, inter = between + os = bone)
lumbricals (foot)	tendons of the flexor digitorum longus	medial side of the extensor expansion of digits 2-5	flex the metatarsophalangeal joint, extend the proximal interphalangeal & distal interphalangeal joints of digits 2-5	medial (1st) lumbrical: medial plantar nerve; lateral three lumbricals: lateral plantar nerve	medial and lateral plantar aa.	the lumbricals of the foot have the same action on the toes that the lumbricals in the hand have on the fingers (Latin, lumbricus = earthworm)
obturator externus	the external surface of the obturator membrane and the superior and inferior pubic rami	trochanteric fossa of the femur	laterally rotates the thigh	obturator nerve	obturator a.	the tendon of the obturator externus m. passes inferior to the neck of the femur to reach its insertion site
obturator internus	the internal surface of the obturator membrane and margin of the obturator foramen	greater trochanter on its medial surface above the trochanteric fossa	laterally rotates and abducts the thigh	nerve to the obturator internus m.	obturator a.	the obturator internus m. leaves the pelvis by passing through the lesser sciatic foramen; the superior and inferior gemellus mm. insert on the obturator internus tendon
pectineus	pecten of the pubis	pectineal line of the femur	adducts, flexes, and medially rotates the thigh	femoral nerve and possibly the anterior division of the obturator nerve	medial femoral circumflex a.	pectineus often has a dual innervation
peroneus mm. (SEE fibularis mm.)						peroneus is the old terminology used for the fibularis mm.
piriformis	anterior surface of sacrum	upper border of greater trochanter of femur	laterally rotates and abducts thigh	ventral rami of S1-S2		piriformis leaves the pelvis by passing through the greater sciatic foramen
plantar interosseous	base and medial side of metatarsals 3-5	bases of proximal phalanges and extensor expansions of digits 3-5	adduct digits 3-5 (move these digits toward the midline of the foot as defined by the second digit),flex metatarsophalangeal and extend interphalangeal joints of digits 3-5	deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve	plantar metatarsal aa.	remember PAD (Plantar interossei ADduct) and DAB (Dorsal interossei ABduct), and logic will tell you where these muscles must insert (Latin, inter = between + os = bone)
plantaris	above the lateral femoral condyle (above the lateral head of gastrocnemius)	dorsum of the calcaneus medial to the calcaneal tendon	flexes the leg; plantar flexes the foot	tibial nerve	popliteal a.	plantaris has a long slender tendon that is equivalent to the tendon of the palmaris longus m. of the arm; its tendon is often called the "freshman nerve" because it is often misidentified by the freshman medical student
popliteus	lateral condyle of the femur	posterior surface of the tibia above soleal line	flexes and rotates the leg medially (with the foot planted, it rotates the thigh laterally)	tibial nerve	popliteal a.	has a round tendon of origin; popliteus unlocks the knee joint to initiate flexion of the leg
psoas major	bodies and transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae	lesser trochanter of femur (with iliacus) via iliopsoas tendon	flexes the thigh; flexes & laterally bends the lumbar vertebral column	branches of the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L2-L4	subcostal a., lumbar aa.	the genitofemoral nerve pierces the anterior surface of the psoas major m. (Latin, psoas = the muscles of the loins)
psoas minor	bodies of the T12 & L1 vertebrae	iliopubic eminence at the line of junction of the ilium and the superior pubic ramus	flexes & laterally bends the lumbar vertebral column	branches of the ventral primary rams of spinal nerves L1-L2	lumbar aa.	absent in 40% of cases (Latin, psoas = the muscles of the loins)
quadratus femoris	lateral border of the ischial tuberosity	quadrate line of the femur below the intertrochanteric crest	laterally rotates the thigh	nerve to the quadratus femoris m.	inferior gluteal a.	the nerve to the quadratus femoris m. also innervates the inferior gemellus m.
quadratus plantae	anterior portion of the calcaneus and the long plantar ligament	tendons of the flexor digitorum longus m.	assists the flexor digitorum longus in flexing the toes	lateral plantar nerve	lateral plantar a.	the quadratus plantae m. changes the line of force of the flexor digitorum longus m. to bring it in line with the long axis of the foot (Latin, quadratus = square)
quadriceps femoris	anterior surface of the femur and the anterior side of the medial and lateral intermuscular septa	tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament	extends the knee; rectus femoris flexes the thigh	femoral nerve	lateral circumflex femoral a., deep femoral a.	composed of 4 muscles: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius and vastus medialis
rectus femoris	straight head: anterior inferior iliac spine; reflected head: above the superior rim of the acetabulum	patella and tibial tuberosity (via the patellar ligament)	extends the leg, flexes the thigh	femoral nerve	lateral circumflex femoral a.	rectus femoris is part of the quadriceps femoris muscle
sartorius	anterior superior iliac spine	medial surface of the tibia (pes anserinus)	flexes, abducts and laterally rotates the thigh; flexes leg	femoral nerve	lateral femoral circumflex a., saphenous a.	its actions put the lower limb in the traditional cross-legged seated position of a tailor (Latin, sartorius = tailor)
semimembranosus	upper, outer surface of the ischial tuberosity	medial condyle of the tibia	extends the thigh, flexes the leg	tibial nerve	perforating branches of the deep femoral a.	one of the "hamstring" muscles
semitendinosus	lower, medial surface of ischial tuberosity (common tendon with biceps femoris m.)	medial surface of tibia (via pes anserinus)	extends the thigh, flexes the leg	tibial nerve	perforating branches of the deep femoral a.	pes anserinus is the common insertion for the gracilis, sartorius, and semitendinosus mm.
soleus	posterior surface of head and upper shaft of the fibula, soleal line of the tibia	dorsum of the calcaneus via the calcaneal (Achilles') tendon	plantar flexes the foot	tibial nerve	posterior tibial a.	soleus and the 2 heads of gastrocnemius are sometimes called the triceps surae muscle

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