Makindo Medical Notes.com Comprehensive Medical Encyclopedia | Education for Healthcare Professionals

@About this App @Contributers @Developer ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein) Testing AIDS Dementia Complex (HIV)AIDS HIV Infection APGAR Scoring (Children)APTT and Coagulation Abacavir Abatacept Abbreviated Mental Test Score (AMTS)Abciximab Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Abdominal paracentesis for ascites Abducent Nerve Abetalipoproteinaemia Abnormal Vaginal bleeding Acamprosate Acanthocytosis Acanthosis Nigricans Acarbose Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm Acetazolamide Acetylcholine Receptor Antibodies Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors Achalasia Achilles Tendon rupture Achondroplasia (Children)Aciclovir Acid maltase deficiency (Pompe disease)Acne Rosacea Acne Vulgaris Acoustic Neuroma (Schwannoma)Acrodermatitis enteropathica (Children)Acromegaly and Giantism Acromio-clavicular joint Actinomyces israeli Action Potential Activated Charcoal Actrapid (Insulin)Acute Abdominal Pain - Acute Peritonitis Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis Acute Anaphylactoid Reactions Acute Anaphylaxis Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma Acute Appendicitis Acute Bacterial Meningitis Acute Bronchitis Acute Cholangitis Acute Cholecystitis Acute Colonic Pseudo-obstruction Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) General Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) NSTEMI USA Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) STEMI Acute Coronary Syndrome (Cardiac Troponins)Acute Coronary Syndrome Grace score Acute Delirium Acute Disc lesions Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis Acute Diverticulitis - Diverticular disease Acute Dystonic Reaction Acute Encephalitis Acute Eosinophilic Pneumonia Acute Epiglottitis Acute Exacerbation of COPD Acute Hepatitis Acute Hydrocephalus Acute Hypotension Acute Inflammation Acute Intermittent Porphyria (AIP)Acute Interstitial nephritis Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)Acute Limb Ischaemia Acute Liver Failure Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL)Acute Mastoiditis Acute Monoarthritis Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML)Acute Myocarditis Acute Pancreatitis Acute Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Acute Pericarditis Acute Phase reactants Acute Porphyrias Acute Promyelocytic Leukaemia Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Adults)Acute Retroviral Syndrome (HIV)Acute Rhabdomyolysis Acute Rheumatic fever Acute Rotator cuff tear Acute Severe Asthma Acute Severe Colitis Acute Sinusitis Acute Stroke Assessment (ROSIER&NIHSS)Acute Tonsilitis Acute Urinary Retention Acute and Chronic Gout Acute and Chronic Heart Failure Acute on Chronic Liver Disease Decompensation Acutely Ill Patient Adalimumab Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised (ACER)Addison Disease (Adrenal Insufficiency)Adefovir Adenosine Adenosine deaminase deficiency Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder)Adjustment - Anxiety disorders Adrenal Antibodies Adrenal Physiology Adrenaline (Epinephrine)Adrenoleukodystrophy Adrenomyeloneuropathy Adult Onset Still's Disease African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping sickness)Age related macular degeneration Aicardi syndrome Air Embolism Albumin Albumin-Protein Creatinine Ratio (PCR)Alcohol Abuse Alcohol Withdrawal (Delirium Tremens)Alcoholic (Steato)Hepatitis Alcoholic Ketoacidosis Aldosterone Physiology Alendronate (Alendronic acid)Alfacalcidol Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)Alkalinisation of urine Alkaptonuria Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis Allogeneic stem cell transplantation Allopurinol Alogliptin (Vipidia)Alopecia Alpha Fetoprotein Alpha Thalassaemia Alpha subunit (ASU) of TSH Alpha-1 Antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency Alport's Syndrome Alteplase Altitude sickness Aluminium and Magnesium Antacids Alveolar Gas Equation Alzheimer disease (Dementia)Amantadine Amenorrhoea American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease)Amiloride Amino acids Aminoglycosides Aminophylline Aminosalicylates Amiodarone Amiodarone and Thyroid disease Amitriptyline Amlodipine Ammonia Encephalopathy Amnestic syndromes Amoebiasis (Entamoeba histolytica)Amoxicillin Amphetamine toxicity Amphotericin B Ampicillin Anaemia of Chronic Disease Anagrelide Anakinra Anal Cancer Andexanet alfa Androgen insensitivity syndrome Aneurysms Angina bullosa haemorrhagica Angiodysplasia Angiomyolipoma Angioneurotic Oedema Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Angiotensin Converting enzyme (ACE)Angular Stomatitis - Cheilitis Anion Gap Ankle and Foot fractures and Injuries Ankle-Brachial pressure Index (ABPI)Ankylosing spondylitis Anorexia Nervosa Antacid medication Antepartum haemorrhage Anterior Horn Cell diseases Anterior circulation Anti Dementia Drugs Anti-Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide (CCP) Antibody Anti-D immunoglobulin Anti-Hu antibodies Anti-OKT3 antibodies Anti-RNP Antibody Anti-Yo antibodies Anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)Antibiotics for Abdominal Infections Anticholinergic Burden Anticholinergic syndrome Anticipation Anticoagulation and Antithrombotics Antidiuretic hormone (Vasopressin)Antigen presenting cells Antimicrobial Choices Antimuscarinic drugs Antiphospholipid syndrome Antithrombin III deficiency (AT3)Aorta anatomy Aortic Dissection Aortic Regurgitation (Incompetence)Aortic Sclerosis Aortic Stenosis Aortoenteric fistula Apathetic thyrotoxicosis Apixaban Aplastic anaemia Apomorphine Appendix Cancer Tumours Approach to Assessing Sick Child Approach to child with Acute Gastroenteritis Approach to child with respiratory Distress Arnold Chiari malformation Arrhythmogenic Right ventricular Cardiomyopathy Artemisinins Arterial Blood gas analysis Arterial Pulse assessment Arterial blood gas sampling Arterial vs Venous vs Other Leg Ulcers Arteriovenous malformations Artery of Percheron stroke Artery-to-artery embolic stroke Artesunate Asbestos Related Lung disease Ascites Assessment and Management Aspergilloma Aspergillus fumigatus Aspirin Aspirin Salicylates toxicity Assessing Abdominal Pain Assessing Breathlessness Assessing Chest Pain Assessing Falls Asteatotic eczema Asthma Astigmatism Astrocytomas Asystole Ataxia Telangiectasia Atazanavir Atenolol Atherosclerosis Atopic Eczema or Atopic Dermatitis Atorvastatin Atracurium Atrial Ectopic beats Atrial Fibrillation (Chemical cardioversion)Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)Atrial fibrillation (AF)Atrial flutter Atrial myxoma Atrial septal defect (ASD)Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia Atropine Sulfate Autoantibodies Autoimmune Haemolytic anaemia (AIHA)Autoimmune Hepatitis Autonomic neuropathy Autosomal Dominant Autosomal Dominant Polycystic kidney disease Autosomal Recessive Azathioprine Azithromycin B lymphocytes BRCA genes (Familial Breast Cancer)Bacillus anthracis Bacillus cereus poisoning Backpain / Backache Baclofen Bacteria Bacteroides fragilis Balanitis (Adults)Balanitis (Children)Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN)Balsalazide (Aminosalicylate)Barrett's oesophagus Bartonella Bartters syndrome Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)Basic Fracture management Basilar artery thrombosis Becker Muscular dystrophy Beclometasone Beer Potomania Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia Behcet's syndrome Bell's palsy Bendroflumethiazide (Bendrofluazide)Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis Benzodiazepine Toxicity Benzodiazepines Benzylpenicillin Sodium (Penicillin G)Berg Balance Scale Beriplex Berylliosis Beta Agonists Beta Blocker toxicity Beta Thalassaemia Beta-2 Microglobulin Beta-lactamases Betahistine (Serc)Bezafibrate Biceps rupture Bilateral adrenalectomy Biliary atresia Bilirubin Biochemical Lab values Bisacodyl Bisoprolol Bisphosphonates Bladder Cancer Bladder Stones Bleeding Bleeding disorders Bleeding due to Drugs Bleomycin Blindness - global causes Blood products - Packed cells blood transfusion Blood Products - Cryoprecipitate Blood Products - Fresh Frozen Plasma Blood Products - Platelets Blood film interpretation Blood gas values Bloody Diarrhoea Blotting Techniques: Gel Electrophoresis Bone Marrow Transplantation Bone disease Lab results Bone metabolism RANK RANKL OPG pathway Bone scintigraphy (Bone scan)Bordetella pertussis - Whooping cough Borrelia burgdorferi Borrelia recurrentis Botulism Brachial neuritis (neuralgic amyotrophy)Brachial plexus anatomy Brachial plexus and associated injury Brain Abscess Brain Anatomy and function Brain MRI Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)Brain Physiology Brain Tumours (Cancer)Brainstem anatomy Branchial cleft cyst Breast Cancer Breast Fibroadenoma Bretylium Broad complex Tachycardia Bromocriptine Bronchial adenoma Bronchiectasis Bronchiolitis Bronchoscopy Brown-Sequard syndrome Brucella Brugada syndrome Budd-Chiari syndrome Budesonide Buerger disease (Thromboangiitis obliterans )Bulbar vs Pseudobulbar palsy Bulimia Nervosa Bullous Pemphigoid Bumetanide Bunions Buprenorphine Bupropion Burkholderia cepacia Burkitt's lymphoma Burns Busulphan (Busulfan)Byssinosis C reactive protein (CRP)CADASIL CARASIL CHADS2 - CHA2DS2-VASc score CMV retinitis CNS fungal Infections CNS infections CSF Rhinorrhoea CT Head Basics (Stroke)CT Pulmonary angiogram (CTPA)CT imaging basics for Stroke CURB 65 score Cabergoline Caecal Volvulus Caisson Disease - Decompression sickness Calcitonin Calcitriol (1,25 Dihydroxycholecalciferol)Calcium Chloride or Gluconate Calcium Physiology Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition (Pseudogout)Calcium Resonium Calcium channel blockers toxicity Calot's triangle Campylobacter Cancer of Unknown Primar Candesartan Candidiasis Cannabis toxicity Capecitabine Capnocytophaga canimorsus Capnography Capreomycin Captopri Carbamazepine Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae Carbimazole Carbon monoxide poisoning Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)Carcinoid Heart Disease Carcinoid Tumour Syndrome Carcinoma of the Bile Duct Carcinoma of the Gallbladder Cardiac Amyloid heart disease Cardiac Anatomy and Physiology Cardiac Catheter ablation Cardiac Infections Cardiac MRI Cardiac Resynchronisation Therapy (CRT) Pacemaker Cardiac Valve replacement Cardioembolic stroke Cardiogenic Pulmonary Oedema Cardiogenic shock Cardiology - History Taking Cardiology Exam List Cardiology Examination Cardiology Valves Summary Cardiopulmonary bypass Carmustine Carotid Artery anatomy Carotid Body Tumour Carotid Endarterectomy Carotid Sinus Syncope Carotid Stenting Carotid artery Dissection Carotid sinus massage Carpal tunnel syndrome Carvedilol Case 01 Sudden weakness Case 02 Loss of speech Case 03 Adult male weak legs Case 04 High calcium Case 05 High Potassium and heart failure Case 06 High calcium and weight loss Case 07 Weak eyes Case 08 Weak face Case 09 A cause of Delirium Case 10 Older patient presenting post stroke Case 11 Young patient with acute headache Case 20 Young patient with acute headache Case 21 Hypoglycaemia Case 22 Case 23 Old man with tremor Case 24 Cancer and weak Case 99 (Acute breathlessness)Case Template Cat Scratch Disease Cataract Catheter Related Urinary Tract infection UTI Catheter related Blood stream infection Catheter related UTI Cauda equina syndrome Caudate Nucleus Causes of Airway Obstruction Causes of Avascular Necrosis of Femoral head Causes of Sore throat Causes of Weakness Cavernous angiomas (Cavernomas)Cavernous sinus Cavernous sinus thrombosis Cefaclor Cefalexin Cefotaxime Ceftazidime Ceftriaxone Cefuroxime Celecoxib Cell Response to Injury Cellular Anatomy and Physiology Cellulitis Central Cord Syndrome Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO)Central Retinal artery Occlusion (CRAO)Central Venous line Insertion Central pontine myelinolysis Cephalosporins Cerebellar Anatomy Physiology Signs Disease Cerebellar Haemorrhage Cerebellar Stroke Cerebral Amyloid angiopathy (CAA)Cerebral Aneurysms Cerebral Angiitis Cerebral Atrophy vs Hydrocephalus Cerebral Cortex Cerebral Metastases Cerebral Palsy Cerebral Perfusion Cerebral Salt Wasting Cerebral Venous Sinus thrombosis Cerebral arteritis Cerebral microbleeds Cervical Cancer screening Cervical Spine injury Cervical cancer Cervical spondylosis Cetirizine Chancroid Charcot Foot Syndrome (CFS)Charcot Marie Tooth (CMT) disease Chediak Higashi syndrome Chest Abdomen anatomy Chest X Ray #1 Chest X Ray Interpretation Chest drain Insertion Chlamydia - Chlamydophila pneumoniae Chlamydia psittaci Chlamydia trachomatis Chlorambucil Chloramphenicol Chlordiazepoxide Chloroquine Chlorphenamine(Chlorpheniramine)Chlorpromazine Cholangiocarcinoma Cholera (Vibrio cholera)Cholestatic Jaundice Cholesteatoma Cholesterol - Lipids Cholinergic crisis-syndrome Chondrocalcinosis Chorea - Ballismus Choreoacanthocytosis Chromosome instability syndromes Chronic Bronchitis Chronic Hepatitis Chronic Inflammation Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating polyneuropathy Chronic Interstitial Nephritis Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)Chronic Lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML)Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)Chronic Pancreatitis Chronic Peritonitis Chronic Radiation Enteritis Chronic Urinary Retention Chronic Vision Uni-Bilateral loss (Blindness)Chronic and recurrent Meningitis Chronic liver disease Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis Chronic stable angina Chylomicrons Ciclosporin Cimetidine Cinacalcet Ciprofloxacin Cirrhosis Cisplatin Citalopram Cladribine Clarithromycin Cleft lip or palate Clindamycin Clopidogrel Clostridium botulinum Clostridium difficile Clostridium perfringens Clostridium tetani - Tetanus Clotrimazole cream Clotting pathways Clozapine Co Careldopa (Sinemet)Co-Amoxiclav (Augmentin)Co-Beneldopa (Madopar)Co-codamol Co-trimoxazole Coagulopathy Coal Worker's Pneumoconiosis Coarctation of the Aorta (CoA aortopathy)Cocaine abuse Cocaine induced chest pain Cocaine toxicity Coccidioidomycosis Codeine Coeliac disease Cogan Syndrome Colchicine Cold Agglutinin Disease (CAD/AIHA)Collagen Colloid cyst in the third ventricle Colloids Colonic (Large bowel) Obstruction Colonoscopy Colorectal cancer Colorectal polyps Colposcopy Coma management Combined Oral contraceptive pill (COCP)Common Peroneal Nerve (CPN)Common variable immunodeficiency Comparing Rheumatoid and Osteoarthritis Complement Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA)Confirming Death Congenital Acyanotic Heart Disease (Children)Congenital Adrenal hyperplasia Congenital Complete Heart Block Congenital Cyanotic Heart Disease (Children)Congenital Hypothyroidism Congenital Talipes Equinovarus - Clubfoot Constipation Constrictive Pericarditis Contact allergic dermatitis Continuous Positive Airways Pressure (CPAP)Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis Contraception Conus Medullaris syndrome Cor Pulmonale Coronary artery bypass graft surgery Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID 19 Corticobasal degeneration (Dementia)Corticosteroid-related psychosis Corticosteroids Corynebacterium diphtheriae Cotard delusion Coxiella Burnetii Cranial nerves and examination Craniopharyngioma Creatinine Clearance Cremation forms (UK)Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (Dementia)Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever Critical illness neuromuscular weakness Crohn's disease Croup Cryptococcus neoformans infections Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis Cryptogenic Organising Pneumonia (COP-BOOP)Cryptosporidiosis Crysal arthritis Crystalloids Cushing disease Cushing syndrome Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Cyanide toxicity Cyanosis - Central and Peripheral Cyclizine Cyclo-oxygenase (COX) enzymes Cyclophosphamide Cycloserine Cys leukotriene receptor antagonists Cystic Fibrosis Cystinosis Cystinuria Cytokines Cytomegalovirus infections D Dimer DNA and RNA short notes DNA replication Dabigatran Dalteparin Dandy Walker syndrome Dantrolene Dapagliflozin Darier's Disease Darunavir DeQuervain's thyroiditis Death Certificates (UK)Deep brain stimulation Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)Dehydration Physiology Delayed Puberty Criteria Demeclocycline Dementia with Lewy bodies Dementias Demyelinating Diseases Dengue Fever Denosumab (Prolia)Dental Anatomy Dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy Depression Dermatitis Herpetiformis Dermatology terms Dermatomes Dermatomyositis Dermoid cysts Desferrioxamine Desmopressin (DDAVP)Desogestrel (Progestogen Only Pill)Developmental Dislocation (Dysplasia) of the Hip Developmental Milestones Dexamethasone DiGeorge syndrome (thymic aplasia)Diabetes Insipidus (Cranial and Nephrogenic)Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 and DKA (children)Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in pregnancy Diabetes on the ward Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy (DAN)Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Adults Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) with SGLT2 Inhibitors Diabetic Nephropathy Diabetic Retinopathy Diabetic amyotrophy Diabetic foot Diamond-Blackfan anaemia Diamorphine Diaphragmatic disorders Diarrhoea Diazepam Didanosine (ddI)Diethylstilbestrol Differentials causes of Foot Drop Differentials of ABC Differentials of Generalised lymphadenopathy Differentials of Painful thigh Differentials of XXX Diffuse Oesophageal spasm Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma Diffusion Capacity Digoxin Digoxin Toxicity Dihydrocodeine Dilated cardiomyopathy Diltiazem Diphtheria Dipyridamole Discharges against advice Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE)Disease template Diseases with associated cancers Dislocation Sternoclaivcular joint Disopyramide Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)Distributive Shock Disulfiram (Antabuse)Dobutamine Dog Bites Dog Bites Hand Dominant R wave in V1 Domperidone Donepezil (Aricept)Donovanosis Dopamine Hydrochloride Dopamine agonists Down's syndrome (Trisomy 21)Doxapram Doxazosin (Cardura)Doxepin Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)Doxycycline Driving Drowning Drug Induced Parkinson disease Drug Reaction Eosinophilia Systemic Symptoms DRESS Drug Template Drug Toxicity - clinical assessment Drug Toxicity with Specific Antidotes Drug induced Lupus Erythematosus Drug induced liver disease Drugs Drugs List Drugs to Avoid in Acute Renal failure Drugs to avoid Elderly Drugs to avoid in Liver failure Dry and Wet Gangrene Dual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)Duchenne muscular dystrophy Dulaglutide GLP-1 agonist Duloxetine Duodenal Atresia (Children)Dupuytrens contracture Dysentery Dysphagia ECG - Acute Coronary Syndrome ECG - Acute ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction ECG - Atrial fibrillation ECG - Atrial flutter ECG - Basics ECG - Broad complex tachycardia (possible VT)ECG - Brugada syndrome ECG - Causes of a Dominant R wave in V1 ECG - Early Repolarisation vs STEMI ECG - First degree AV Block ECG - Heart Block ECG - Hyperkalaemia ECG - Interpretation ECG - Ischaemic Heart Disease ECG - Left Axis Deviation ECG - Left Bundle Branch Block LBBB ECG - Left Ventricular Hypertrophy ECG - Low Voltage Complexes ECG - Narrow complex tachycardia ECG - Normal appearance ECG - Pathological Q waves ECG - QT interval ECG - Right Axis Deviation ECG - Right Bundle Branch Block RBBB ECG - ST-T T waves changes ECG - Supraventricular tachycardia ECG - The QRS complex ECG - Tutorial from Queens University ECG - Ventricular fibrillation ECG - Ventricular tachycardia ECG - Wolff Parkinson White syndrome (WPW)ECG - short PR interval ECG - sinus pause ECG - tall R wave V1 ENT Exam - Assessing hearing ENT infections Ebola Virus Disease Ebstein anomaly Echinocytes Echocardiogram Ecstasy toxicity Ectopia lentis (subluxation of the lens)Ectopic Pregnancy Ectropion Eculizumab Edoxaban (Lixiana)Edward syndrome (trisomy 18 syndrome)Efavirenz (Sustiva) EFV Ehlers-Danlos syndromes Ehrlichiosis Eikenella corrodens Eisenmenger's syndrome (Children)Elbow fractures and Injuries Electrical injury Eloquent brain Emergency Drugs Emphysema Empty sella syndrome Emtricitabine (Emtriva) FTC Enalapril End of Life Care Prescribing Endocarditis and Stroke Endocrinology Lab values Endometrial (Uterine) Cancer Endometriosis Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography X Endothelins Enfuvirtide Enoxaparin Sodium (Clexane-Lovenox)Enoximone Entacapone Enterococci Enteropathic Spondyloarthritis Enzyme inducers and inhibitors Eosinophilic granulomatosis (Churg Strauss)Ependymoma Epidural Haematoma Epidural abscess Epilepsy - General Management Epilepsy - Idiopathic Generalised Epilepsy Epilepsy - Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy Epilepsy - Post Traumatic Epilepsy in Pregnancy Episcleritis Epistaxis Eplerenone Eponymous brainstem strokes Epstein-Barr Virus infection Equivalent doses of Opiates Erb Palsy Ergocalciferol (Calciferol)Erlotinib (Tarceva)Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Erythema Multiforme Erythema Nodosum Erythrocyte Sedimentation rate (ESR)Erythrocytes Erythrodermic Psoriasis Erythromycin Escherichia coli Escitalopram Esomeprazole Essential Thrombocythaemia (ET)Essential Tremor Etanercept Ethambutol Ethanol Ethanol toxicity Ethylene glycol toxicity Etomidate Etravirine (intelence) ETR Ewing sarcoma Exenatide (Byetta) GLP1 agonist Exercise stress test Exploding head syndrome Extradural haematoma Extrapyramidal symptoms Extrinsic Allergic alveolitis (Hypersensitivity)Eye infections Ezetimibe Fabry disease Facial Nerve Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy Factor V Leiden Deficiency Faecal Calprotectin Fahr syndrome Failure to thrive or Faltering growth Familial Adenomatous polyposis (FAP)Familial Amyloidosis Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF)Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia (FHH)Family Tree (Pedigree)Famotidine Fanconi Anaemia Fanconi Syndrome Fat embolism Fatigue - Causes Fatty acids Febrile seizures Felodipine (Dihydropyridine)Femoral Hernia Femoral triangle Femur fractures and Inuries Fentanyl - Fentanil Ferritin Ferrous Fumarate - Gluconate - Sulphate Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Fetal circulation Fever - Pyrexia of unknown origin (FUO PUO)Fever in a traveller Fibrates Fibrinogen Fibromuscular dysplasia Fibromyalgia Fidaxomicin Finasteride (5 alpha-reductase inhibitor)First Seizure Fitz-Hugh Curtis Syndrome Flail Chest Flecainide Acetate Flexor sheath infection (flexor tenosynovitis)Flucloxacillin Fluconazole Flucytosine Fludrocortisone Fluid balances status Flumazenil (Annexate - Romazicon)Fluoxetine Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)Foix-Alajouanine syndrome Folate (Folic) acid Folate deficiency Folinic acid (Leucovorin)Fomepizole Fondaparinux Food borne disease Foscarnet Sodium Fosfomycin Fosphenytoin Foster Kennedy Syndrome Fournier's gangrene Fracture Template Fractured Clavicle Fractured Neck of Femur Fractured Pubic Ramus Fractured Scapula Fractured Shaft Femur Fractured Tibia and Fibula Fractures Shaft Humerus Fractures in Children Fractures of Upper humerus Fragile X syndrome Frailty Fraser guidelines and Gillick Competence Free Radicals Friedreich's Ataxia Frontotemporal dementia Full or Complete Blood Count (FBC CBC)Fungi Furosemide (Frusemide)Fusidic acid Fusobacteria - Tropical ulcer Fusobacterium G protein-coupled receptors GP Emergency Drugs Carried Gabapentin Galactorrhoea Galantamine Gamete intra-fallopian tube transfer (GIFT)Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT)Gamma hydroxy butyrate (GHB) toxicity Ganciclovir - Valganciclovir Gardner syndrome Gardnerella vaginalis Gas Gangrene Gastric (MALT) Lymphoma Gastric Cancer Gastric Outlet obstruction (pyloric stenosis)Gastrinoma Gastro Intestinal Stromal Tumours (GIST)Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux (Adult GORD)Gastro-Oesophgeal Reflux (Paediatrics GORD)Gastroenteritis Gastroenterology Exam Lists Gastroenterology Examination Gastroenterology History Gastroenterology assessment - Jaundice Gastrointestinal anatomy and physiology Gastrointestinal perforation Gastrostomy (PEG) tubes Gaucher's disease Gene components Genetic Diseases Gentamicin Giardiasis Gilbert's syndrome Gingival (Gum) hyperplasia-hypertrophy Gitelman's syndrome Glasgow Blatchford Score Glasgow Coma scale Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone)Glibenclamide Gliclazide Glimepiride Glipizide Globus Pallidus Glomerulonephritis Glossitis Glucagon Glucagonoma Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency Glucose Tolerance Test Glutamate Glycated Haemoglobin Glyceryl Trinitrate (GTN)Glycogen storage diseases Glycolysis_Krebs_Electron_Transport_Chain Glycopyrronium Bromide Goitre Golfer's Elbow Golimumab (Simponi)Goodpasture's syndrome (Anti GBM disease)Goserelin (Zoladex)Gradenigo's syndrome Grades of Recommendation Gram Stain Granuloma annulare Granulomatosis with Polyangitis GPA (Wegener)Graves Disease Griseofulvin Growth Hormone Deficiency Guillain Barre Syndrome Gum hypertrophy Guthrie test New Born blood spot Gynaecological History Taking Gynaecomastia HAS-BLED score HIV and Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)HIV and Pre-exposure prophylaxis HIV associated nephropathy (HIVAN)HIV disease Assessment HTLV-1 Associated myelopathy Haematemesis Haematology Examination - Splenomegaly Haematology Lab values Haematuria Mild to Severe Haemodialysis Haemoglobins Haemolysis Haemolytic Anaemia Haemolytic Uraemic syndrome Haemolytic disease of the newborn Haemophilia A Haemophilia B Haemophilus aegyptius Haemophilus ducreyi Haemophilus influenzae Haemophilus parainfluenzae Haemopoiesis Haemorrhagic Transformation Haemorrhagic stroke Haemorrhoids (Piles)Hairy Cell Leukaemia Hairy Leukoplakia Hallervorden-Spatz disease (PKAN)Haloperidol Hamman-Rich syndrome Hand foot and mouth disease Hand fractures and Injuries Hantavirus infections Hartmann's solution (Ringer's lactate)Hartnup disease*Hashimoto's (Steroid responsive) Encephalopathy Hashimoto's thyroiditis HbA1c Head (Brain) Injury Head and Neck Cancers Headache - Analgesic overuse Headache - Assessing Acute and Severe Headache - Basilar Migraine Headache - Cluster Headache - Low CSF pressure Headache - Migraine Headache - Tension Headaches - General Hearing aids Heat Stroke Helicobacter pylori Helvetica Spotted fever Hemicraniectomy Henoch-Schonlein purpura Heparin - General Heparin - Low Molecular Weight Heparin Heparin - Unfractionated Heparin Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)Hepatic Encephalopathy Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Hepatitis D Hepatitis E Hepatocellular Carcinoma Hepatorenal syndromes Hereditary Elliptocytosis Hereditary Haemochromatosis Hereditary Haemorrhagic Telangiectasia Hereditary Spastic Paraparesis Hereditary Spherocytosis Hereditary angio-oedema Hereditary neuropathy with pressure palsies Hereditary non polyposis coli (Lynch syndrome)Herpes Gestationis Herpes Simplex Herpes Simplex Encephalitis (HSV)Herpes Viruses Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus (HZO) Shingles Herpes simplex keratitis (HSK)Heyde syndrome Hiatus hernia Hiccups (Singultus)High Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test Hip pain in children Hirschsprung disease (congenital megacolon)Hirsuitism XXX Histones Histoplasmosis Hodgkin Lymphoma Holt-Oram syndrome Holter monitor (tape) 24-72 h Homocystinuria Hookworm Horner's syndrome Hospital acquired Pneumonia (NICE 139)Human albumin solution (HAS)Human prion diseases Humeral fractures and injuries Hunter's syndrome (MPS-2)Huntington Chorea Hurler's syndrome (MPS-1)Hydatid disease (Echinococcus)Hydatidiform mole Hydralazine Hydrocortisone Hydrogen Bonds Hydrops fetalis Hydroxocobalamin Hydroxocobalamin - Cyanocobalamin (B12)Hydroxychloroquine Hydroxyurea-Hydroxycarbamide Hyoscine (Buscopan)Hyper IgM syndrome Hyperbaric Oxygen therapy Hypercalcaemia Hyperglycaemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS)Hyperinsulinaemic-euglycemic therapy (HIET)Hyperkalaemia Hyperkalaemic and Hypokalaemic Periodic Paralysis Hypermagnesaemia Hypernatraemia Hyperphosphataemia (High phosphate)Hyperprolactinaemia Hypersensitivity reactions Hypertension Hypertension in Pregnancy Hypertriglyceridaemia (HTG)Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM - HOCM)Hyperventilation Syndrome Hyperviscosity syndrome Hypocalcaemia Hypoglycaemia Hypogonadism (Female)Hypogonadism (male)Hypokalaemia Hypokalaemic Periodic Paralysis Hypomagnesaemia Hyponatraemia Hypoparathyroidism Hypophosphataemia (Low phosphate)Hypopituitarism (Pituitary Failure)Hypospadias Hypothermia Hypothyroidism Hypovolaemic or Haemorrhagic Shock IL-12 receptor deficiency IV Immunoglobulin Ibandronic acid (Bisphosphonate)Ibuprofen Icatibant Idiopathic Intracranial hypertension Idiopathic Parkinson disease Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis IgA Nephropathy (Berger's disease)Images - Spot diagoses Imatinib mesylate Imipenem (Primaxin) with Cilastin Immune Reconstitution Syndrome Immune(Idiopathic) Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD)Impetigo Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)Impulse control disorders Inclusion Body Myositis Incubation periods Indapamide Indinavir (IND)Infection screening in Septic patient Infections and their Microbial cause Infectious Mononucleosis Infective Conjunctivitis Infective Endocarditis Infertility Infliximab Influenza Inguinal Hernia Initial Trauma Assessment Injury Severity Score (ISS)Insomnia - sleep issues Insulin Insulinoma Interferon Beta Intermittent Claudication Internal Capsule Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia Interpreting Haematinics Interstitial Keratitis Intestinal obstruction (Children)Intra Aortic Balloon Pump Intraabdominal abscess Intracerebral Haemorrhage (ICH) Score Intracranial HypertensionX Intravenous Iron Replacement (Ferrous)Intraventricular haemorrhage (neonates)Intubation and Mechanical Ventilation Intussusception (Adults)Intussusception (Children)Iodine deficiency Goitre Ipratropium Bromide (Atrovent)Irbesartan Iron Salts Iron deficiency Anaemia Iron toxicity Irritable bowel syndrome Ischaemic Colitis Ischaemic Stroke Ischaemic heart disease Isoniazid Isoprenaline Isosorbide Dinitrate Isosorbide mononitrate Isotretinoin (Accutane)Ispaghula Husk (Fybogel)Ivabradine Jansen Disease Janus kinase 2 Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome Job Syndrome (Hyper IgE syndrome)Jugular Venous Pressure (JVP)Junctional Tachycardia Juvenile Dermatomyositis Juvenile Idiopathic arthritis (Stills Disease)Juvenile Myoclonic epilepsy (JME)Kallmann's syndrome Kaposi sarcoma (KS)Karnofsky performance status scale Kawasaki disease Kennedy Syndrome Keratoconus Kernicterus Ketamine Ketoconazole Klebsiella pneumonia Klinefelter Syndrome (Children)Klumpke palsy Knee fractures and Injuries Koebner phenomenon Kugelberg Welander syndrome Kwashiorkor L-Thyroxine (T4)Labetalol (Trandate)Labyrinthitis - Vestibular Neuronitis Lactate Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)Lactic acidosis Lactobacillus acidophilus Lactose Intolerance Lactulose Lady Windermere syndrome Lambert-Eaton syndrome (LEMS)Lamivudine (3TC)Lamotrigine Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis X Lansoprazole Lanthanum Lateral Medullary Syndrome Laxatives Le Fort Fractures Lead toxicity Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)Leflunomide Legal definition of Blindness Legionella pneumophila Leishmaniasis (Cutaenous and Visceral)Lemierre's syndrome Lenalidomide (Revlimid)Length Dependent Polyneuropathy Lennox-Gastaut syndrome Lenticulostriate branch occlusion Leprosy Leptin Leptospira interrogans Leptospirosis (Weil's Disease) (Notifiable)Leriche syndrome (aortoiliac occlusive disease)Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (Children)Leukaemia Leukaemias in General Leukoariosis Leukocytoclastic vasculitis Leukotrienes Levetiracetam (Keppra)Levodopa Levomepromazine Levosimendan Li Fraumeni syndrome Lichen Planus Liddle's syndrome Lidocaine(Lignocaine)Lightning strike Limb girdle dystrophy Limbic Encephalitis Linagliptin (Trajenta)Linezolid Linkage Liothyronine Sodium L-Triodothyronine (T3)Lipid emulsion therapy - Intralipid Lipid management [NICE 2014]Lipoatrophy Lipoprotein lipase deficiency Liraglutide (Victoza)Lisinopril Listerial Meningitis Listeriosis Lithium Lithium toxicity Livedo Reticularis Liver Anatomy Physiology Liver Biopsy Liver Function Tests Liver Transplantation Liver abscess Liver disease in Pregnancy Localisation of cortical function Lofepramine Long QT syndrome (LQTS) Acquired Long QT syndrome (LQTS) Congenital Long term Oxygen therapy (LTOT)Loop diuretics Looser's zones Loperamide Lopinavir Loratadine Lorazepam Losartan Low Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding Lugol iodine Lumbar puncture and CSF interpretation Lumbrosacral radiculopathy Lung Abscess Lung Cancer Lung Compliance Lung Empyema Lung Transplant Lupus Nephritis Lupus Vulgaris Lyme disease Lymphocytic Hypophysitis Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV)Lyonization Lysosomal storage diseases MCune Albright syndrome MELAS Macrocytic anaemia Macroglossia Magnesium Physiology Magnesium Sulphate - Sulfate Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography Magnetic resonance imaging Major Histocompatibility complex Malabsorption - small intestine Malaria (non falciparum)Malaria Falciparum Male Infertility Male Urethral Catheterisation Male erectile dysfunction Malignant Ascites Malignant Hyperpyrexia (Malignant Hyperthermia)Malignant Hypertension Malignant Melanoma Malignant pleural mesothelioma Mallet Finger Mallory-Weiss Tear Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool Mania Mannitol Mantle cell lymphoma Marantic Endocarditis Marasmus Maraviroc (Celsentri)Marfan syndrome Marginal Zone Lymphoma Massive Haemoptysis Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)McArdles disease (type V)Measles (notifiable)Mebeverine Meckel's diverticulum Meconium Median Nerve Medical Mnemonics Basic Sciences Medical Mnemonics Cardiology Medical Mnemonics Endocrine Medical Mnemonics Mental Health Medical Mnemonics Miscellaneous Medical Mnemonics Neurology Medical Procedures Medical Teeth Medullary Sponge kidney Medulloblastoma Mefenamic acid Mefloquine (Larium)Megaloblastic anaemia Melatonin Melioidosis Memantine Hydrochloride Membranous Glomerulonephritis Menetrier disease Meniere disease Meningioma Meningitis in the Immunocompromised Menopause Menstrual cycle Mental Capacity Act 2005 Mental Health Act 1983 Mental State Examination Mercaptopurine Meropenem Mesalazine (Aminosalicylate)Mesangiocapillary Glomerulonephritis Mesenteric infarction Metabolic Syndrome X Metabolic acidosis Metabolic alkalosis Metachromic leucodystrophy Metastatic Adenocarcinoma Metastatic bone disease Metformin Methaemoglobinaemia Methanol Toxicity Methodone Methods to reduce toxin absorption Methotrexate Methylcellulose Methylprednisolone Metoclopramide Metolazone Metoprolol Metronidazole (Flagyl)Metyrapone (Metopirone)Miconazole Microangiopathic Haemolytic anaemia Microcytic anaemia Microscopic Polyangiitis Microscopic colitis Microstomia Midazolam Middle East Resp Syndrome (MERS) Coronavirus Midodrine Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS)Miller-Fisher syndrome Milwaukee shoulder syndrome Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE)Minimal Change Disease Glomerulonephritis Minocycline Minoxidil Mirabegron Mirizzi syndrome Mirtazapine Miscarriage Misoprostol Mitochondrial diseases Mitral Regurgitation (Incompetence)Mitral Stenosis Mitral Stenosis vs Regurgitation - Dominance Mitral Valve prolapse Mittleschmerz Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD)Mobility aids Modified Duke Criteria for Endocarditis Modified Oxford Handicap Scale (MOHS)Modified Rankin Score Molluscum contagiosum Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance Monocular loss of vision Monocytes Monosodium glutamate (MSG) syndrome Montelukast Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA)Moraxella catarrhalis Morphine Sulphate Mosquito borne diseases Motor Neuron Disease (MND-ALS)Moyamoya disease Mucormycosis Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia Multifocal Motor Neuropathy with Conduction block Multiple Antithrombotics Anticoagulants Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 1 (MEN1)Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type II (MEN2)Multiple Myeloma Multiple Pregnancy Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Demyelination Multiple System Atrophy (MSA)Mumps (Notifiable)Muscles of the Abdominal Region Muscles of the Back Muscles of the Head and Neck Muscles of the Lower Limb Muscles of the Pelvis and Perineum Muscles of the Thoracic Region Muscles of the Upper limb Myasthenia Gravis Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Mycophenolate mofetil Mycoplasma pneumoniae Mycoplasmas Mycosis Fungoides (Sezary Syndrome)Myelodysplastic syndrome (Myelodysplasia)Myelofibrosis Myelofibrosis vs CML Myelopathy Myeloproliferative disorders Myobacterium avium Complex Infection Myocardial perfusion Myoclonus Myotonic dystrophy - Dystropica myotonica Myxoedema coma N-Acetylcysteine (Parvolex)NEWS Reacting to Low Oxygen Saturations NICE Guidelines Links NICE Trauma Guidance Summary 2016 NSAID toxicity Naloxone (Narcan) Opiate antagonist Naproxen Narcolepsy Nasal polyps Nasogastric tube insertion Natalizumab (Tysabri)National Early Warning Score NEWS 2 Score Neck Pain Neck swellings and lumps Necrotising Enterocolitis (Infants)Necrotising fasciitis Needlestick injury Nefopam Neisseria gonorrhoeae Neisseria meningitidis Nelson Syndrome Neomycin Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome NAS Neonatal Jaundice Neonatal Lupus Erythematosus Neonatal meningitis Neostigmine Nephritic syndrome Nephroblastoma (Wilm's tumour)Nephrotic syndrome Nephrotoxic drugs Nerve conduction studies Nerve fibres Neuroanatomy 101 Neuroanatomy images Neuroblastoma Neurocysticercosis Neuroferrinopathy Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Neurofibromatosis Type 2 Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Neurological - Relative Afferent pupillary defect Neurological - Vision and Eye movements Neurological Examination - Cognition Neurological Examination - Cortical Functions Neurological Examination - Motor Neurological Examination - Sensory Neurological Examination - Speech&Language Neurological Lists Neurological assessment - Ptosis Neurological examination - Eyes Neurological or ENT Examination - Nystagmus Neurology - History taking Neurology Exam - Reflex findings Neuromyelitis optica*Neuropathic Pain Management Neurotransmitters Neutropenia Neutropenic Sepsis Neutrophil Alkaline Phosphatase Neutrophils Nevirapine (Viramune) NEV-NVP Niacin deficiency (Pellagra Vitamin B6)Nicardipine (Cardene)Nicorandil Niemann-Pick disease Nifedipine Nimodipine (Nimotop)Nitric Oxide Nitrofurantoin Nitrous oxide Nizatidine Nocardia Noise induced hearing loss Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease NAFLD Non Convulsive Status Epilepticus Non Hodgkin Lymphoma Non alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)Non gonococcal urethritis Non invasive ventilation (NIV)Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)Non sustained Ventricular tachycardia Noonan syndrome Noradrenaline Normal Distribution Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Normal Saline 0.9%Normocytic anaemia Nortriptyline Nosocomial infections Notifiable disease and organisms UK Nutrition in Infants Breatsfeeding Nystatin OSCE - Administer IV Injection OSCE - Blood culture OSCE - Venepuncture OSCE - Venous Cannula Insertion Obsessive-Compulsive disorder Obstetric definitions Obstructive Shock Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Octreotide Oculomotor Nerve (IIIrd Cranial Nerve)Oedema Oesophageal Carcinoma Oesophageal Perforation - Rupture Oesophageal Variceal Bleeding Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy Olanzapine Olfactory Nerve (I)Oligodendroglioma Olmersartan Olsalazine (Aminosalicylate)Omalizumab Omeprazole Onchocerciasis Oncogenic viruses Oncological emergencies Ondansetron One Table Template Ophthalmology Exam Lists Opiate Toxicity Opiates Opicapone Opioid toxicity Optic Neuritis-Neuropathy Optic atrophy Optic tract anatomy Oral Aphthous Ulcers Oral Candidiasis Oral Leukoplakia Orbital vs Preorbital Cellulitis Organism and sensitivities Organophosphate (OP) Poisoning Orphenadrine Orthopaedic infections Orthostatic - Postural hypotension Oscillopsia Oseltamivir - Tamiflu Osteoarthritis Osteogenesis Imperfecta Osteogenic sarcoma (Osteosarcoma)Osteomalacia-Rickets-Vitamin D Osteomyelitis Osteonecrosis of the jaw Osteopetrosis Osteoporosis Otitis Externa (Malignant)Otitis Media Otosclerosis Ottawa rules for ankle and foot x-ray Ovarian Cancer Ovarian Cyst Ovary Oxford community stroke project (Bamford)Oxybutynin (Ditropan)Oxycodone (Oxycontin-Oxynorm)Oxygen delivery devices Oxytetracycline PEDIS Score for Diabetic Foot Ulcers POEMS syndrome Pabrinex Pacemaker DDD Pacemaker VVI Pacemaker syndrome Pacemakers Pacing - Indications for temporary pacing Paediatric emergencies Paediatrics Paget's (Bone) disease Pain Management Painful Shoulder syndromes Palliatiion - Nausea Dyspnoea Secretions Pain Palliation prescribing Palpitations Pamidronate (Bisphosphonate)Pancoast tumour (Cancer)Pancreatic Cancer Panton-Valentine leucocidin toxin Pantoprazole Papilloedema Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)Paracetamol toxicity Paradoxical embolisation Paraneoplastic Encephalitis with NMDA antibodies Paraneoplastic Limbic Encephalitis (Dementia)Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration Paraphimosis Paraquat toxicity Parkinson Plus syndromes Parkinsonism Paronychia Paroxetine Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria Parvovirus (Erythrovirus 19) B19 infection Pasteurella multocida Patau syndrome (trisomy 13)Patent Ductus arteriosus (PDA) (Children)Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO)Pathogen - pattern recognition receptors Pathological bone fracture Pegvisomant Pelvic fractures Pemphigus Vulgaris Penetrating Abdominal Trauma Penetrating Thoracic Trauma Penicillamine Penicillins Penile Cancer Peptic ulcer disease Percutaenous Coronary Intervention (PCI ACS)Pergolide Pericardial Effusion_Tamponade Perimesencephalic Subarachnoid haemorrhage Perindopril Perinephric abscess Perioperative Anticoagulation Peripartum cardiomyopathy Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)Peripheral Cannula Insertion Peripheral Nerve Palsies*Peripheral neuropathy Peripherally inserted central catheters Pernicious anaemia Perthes disease (Osteochondritis of the Hip)Pethidine Peutz-Jeghers syndrome Phaeochromocytoma Phagocytes Pharmacokinetic notes Pharmacokinetics Pharyngeal arch derivatives Phenobarbital sodium Phenoxymethylpenicillin (Penicillin V)Phentolamine Phenylketonuria (PKU)Phenytoin (Dilantin)Philadelphia chromosome Phimosis Phobic disorders Phocomelia and Thalidomide Phosphorus Physiology of vision Picolax - Citrafleet Pilonidal Abscess (sinus)Pioglitazone (Thiazolidinediones)Pituitary Adenoma Pituitary Anatomy and Physiology Pituitary Apoplexy Pityriasis or Tinea versicolor infections Pityriasis rosea Pivmecillinam (a penicillin antibiotic)Placenta praevia Placental abruption Plantar fasciitis Plasmacytoma Plasmapharesis Plasmids Pleural effusion Pleural tap (thoracentesis)Pneumococcal meningititis Pneumoconiosis Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia Pneumonia Pneumothorax Poisons eliminated Haemodialysis - perfusion Poliomyelitis Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN)Polyarticular arthritis Polycystic Ovary syndrome Polycythaemia Vera (primary polycythaemia)Polymerase chain reaction Polymorphic light eruption Polymyalgia Rheumatica Polymyositis Polypharmacy Start Criteria Polypharmacy Stop Criteria Polyuria Pontine-Midbrain haemorrhage Porphyria Cutanea Tarda (PCT)Porphyria Testing Portal Hypertension Positron Emission Tomography Post Menopausal Bleeding Post Operative Management Post Partum Thyroiditis Post Polio Syndrome Post Splenectomy Post Streptococcal/Infectious Glomerulonephritis Post Stroke Epilepsy (PSE)Post traumatic stress disorder Post-exposure prophylaxis with Immunoglobulins Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES Posterior circulation Postpartum haemorrhage Potassium Physiology Pralidoxime Pramipexole (Mirapexin)Prasugrel Pravastatin Praxbind - Idarucizumab Praziquantel Prazosin Pre-Operative Assessment PreEclampsia, Eclapsmia and HELLP Prednisolone Prednisone Pregabalin Premature Labour Premature Menopause Presbyacusis Prescribing Information Prescribing in Pregnancy Pressure sores Prevotella (Bacteroides) melaninogenica Priapism Primaquine Primary (Chronic simple) Open angle Glaucoma Primary Biliary Cirrhosis Primary CNS Lymphoma Primary Hyperparathyroidism Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Primary ciliary dyskinesia Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn's syndrome)Primary progressive aphasia (Dementia)Probenicid Prochlorperazine (Stemetil)Procyclidine Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP)Prolactinoma Propafenone Propantheline Propionibacterium Propofol Propranolol Propylthiouracil Prostate cancer Prosthetic Valves Protamine Sulfate Protein C Deficiency Protein S Deficiency Protein losing enteropathy Protein p53 Protein synthesis Proteus Prothrombin 20210A mutation Prothrombin Complex Concentrates (PCC)Prothrombin time and Coagulation Prothrombotic disorders Proton Pump Inhibitors Proximal myopathy Prucalopride Psammoma bodies Pseudohypoparathyroidism Pseudomonas infection (Pseudomonas aeruginosa)Psoas Abscess Psoriasis Psoriatic arthritis Psychogenic Polydipsia Pubic Lice (Pediculosis Pubis)Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis Pulmonary Arteriovenous malformation Pulmonary Embolism Pulmonary Eosinophilia and CXR changes Pulmonary Hypertension Pulmonary Hypertension - Primary Pulmonary Regurgitation Pulmonary Stenosis Pulmonary hypertension - Secondary Pulse oximetry Putamen Putaminal Haemorrhage Pyloric stenosis (Children)Pyoderma gangrenosum Pyonephrosis Pyrazinamide Pyridostigmine Pyruvate Kinase deficiency Quetiapine Quinine Quinine toxicity Rabies Radial Pulse Radial nerve Radiation exposure Radioactive iodine (I 131)Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation Radius and Ulna fractures and Injuries Raloxifene Raltegravir Ramipril Ramsay Hunt syndrome Ranitidine Ranolazine Rapid sequence intubation (RSI)Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis Rasagiline Rasburicase Raynaud's Phenomenon Reactive arthritis Rectal Prolapse Red cell aplasia Red eye Refeeding syndrome Referring to Level 2 or 3 care (ITU ICU HDU)Refractive Errors Refsum's disease Relapsing polychondritis Remdesvir (Veklury)Renal Artery Stenosis Renal Papillary Necrosis Renal Physiology I Renal Stones (Nephrolithiasis)Renal Transplantation Renal Tubular Acidosis Renal Vein Thrombosis Renal cell carcinoma Renal physiology Renin and Aldosterone Renin ratio (ARR)Renin-angiotensin system Respiratory (Chest) infections and pneumonia Respiratory - 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Anatomy of the Muscles of the Upper limb

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Anatomy

Muscles of the Upper Limb - Listed Alphabetically
Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Action	Innervation	Artery	Notes
abductor digiti minimi (hand)	pisiform	base of the proximal phalanx of the 5th digit on its ulnar side	abducts the 5th digit	deep branch of the ulnar nerve	ulnar a.	abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, and opponens digiti minimi are located in the hypothenar compartment of the hand
abductor pollicis brevis	flexor retinaculum, scaphoid, trapezium	base of the proximal phalanx of the first digit	abducts thumb	recurrent branch of median nerve	superficial palmar br. of the radial a.	abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis, and opponens pollicis are located in the thenar compartment of the hand (Latin, pollicis = the thumb)
abductor pollicis longus	middle one-third of the posterior surface of the radius, interosseous membrane, mid-portion of posterolateral ulna	radial side of the base of the first metacarpal	abducts the thumb at carpometacarpal joint	radial nerve, deep branch	posterior interosseous a.	the tendons of abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis make the lateral border of the anatomical snuffbox (Latin, pollicis = the thumb)
adductor pollicis	oblique head: capitate and base of the 2nd and 3rd metacarpals; transverse head: shaft of the 3rd metacarpal	base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb	adducts the thumb	ulnar nerve, deep branch	deep palmar arterial arch	deep palmar arch and deep ulnar nerve pass between the two heads of adductor pollicis, which is in the adductor-interosseous compartment (Latin, pollicis = the thumb)
anconeus	lateral epicondyle of the humerus	lateral side of the olecranon and the upper one-fourth of the ulna	extends the forearm	nerve to anconeus, from the radial nerve	interosseous recurrent a.	(Greek, anconeus = elbow)
biceps brachii	short head: tip of the coracoid process of the scapula; long head: supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula	tuberosity of the radius	flexes the forearm, flexes arm (long head), supinates	musculocutaneous nerve (C5,6)	brachial a.	a powerful supinator only if the elbow is flexed
brachialis	anterior surface of the lower one-half of the humerus and the associated intermuscular septa	coronoid process of the ulna	flexes the forearm	musculocutaneous nerve (C5,6)	brachial a., radial recurrent a.	a powerful flexor
brachioradialis	upper two-thirds of the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus	lateral side of the base of the styloid process of the radius	flexes the elbow, assists in pronation & supination	radial nerve	radial recurrent a.	although brachioradialis is innervated by the nerve for extensors (radial), its primary action is elbow flexion; the neutral position of this muscle is half way between supination and pronation (elbow flexed, thumb up)
coracobrachialis	coracoid process of the scapula	medial side of the humerus at mid-shaft	flexes and adducts the arm	musculocutaneous nerve (C5,6)	brachial a.	the musculocutaneous nerve passes through the coracobrachialis muscle to reach the other arm flexor mm.(biceps brachii and brachialis)
deltoid	lateral one-third of the clavicle, acromion, the lower lip of the crest of the spine of the scapula	deltoid tuberosity of the humerus	abducts arm; anterior fibers flex & medially rotate the arm; posterior fibers extend & laterally rotate the arm	axillary nerve (C5,6) from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus	posterior circumflex humeral a.	the deltoid muscle is the principle abductor of the arm but due to poor mechanical advantage it cannot initiate this action; it is assisted by the supraspinatus m.
dorsal interosseous (hand)	four muscles, each arising from two adjacent metacarpal shafts	base of the proximal phalanx and the extensor expansion on lateral side of the 2nd digit, lateral & medial sides of the 3rd digit, and medial side of the 4th digit	flex the metacarpophalangeal joint, extend the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints of digits 2-4, abduct digits 2-4 (abduction of digits in the hand is defined as movement away from the midline of the 3rd digit)	ulnar nerve, deep branch	dorsal and palmar metacarpal aa.	bipennate muscles; remember DAB & PAD - Dorsal interosseous mm. ABduct and Palmar interosseous mm. ADduct - then you can figure out where they must insert to cause these actions (Latin, inter = between + os = bone)
extensor carpi radialis brevis	common extensor tendon (lateral epicondyle of humerus)	dorsum of the third metacarpal bone (base)	extends the wrist; abducts the hand	deep radial nerve	radial a.	works with the extensor carpi radialis longus and flexor carpi radialis in abduction of the hand (Greek, carpi= the wrist)
extensor carpi radialis longus	lower one-third of the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus	dorsum of the second metacarpal bone (base)	extends the wrist; abducts the hand	radial nerve	radial a.	works with the extensor carpi radialis brevis and flexor carpi radialis in abduction of the hand (Greek, carpi= the wrist)
extensor carpi ulnaris	common extensor tendon & the middle one-half of the posterior border of the ulna	medial side of the base of the 5th metacarpal	extends the wrist; adducts the hand	deep radial nerve	ulnar a.	works with the flexor carpi ulnaris in adduction of the hand (Greek, carpi= the wrist)
extensor digiti minimi	common extensor tendon (lateral epicondyle of the humerus)	joins the extensor digitorum tendon to the 5th digit and inserts into the extensor expansion	extends the metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints of the 5th digit	deep radial nerve	interosseous recurrent a.	extensor digiti minimi appears to be the ulnar-most portion of extensor digitorum
extensor digitorum	common extensor tendon (lateral epicondyle of the humerus)	extensor expansion of digits 2-5	extends the metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints of the 2nd-5th digits; extends wrist	deep radial nerve	interosseous recurrent a. and posterior interosseous a.	the extensor expansion inserts via a central band on the base of the middle phalanx, while lateral & medial slips insert on the distal phalanx
extensor indicis	interosseous membrane and the posterolateral surface of the distal ulna	its tendon joins the tendon of the extensor digitorum to the second digit; both tendons insert into the extensor expansion	extends the index finger at the metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints	deep radial nerve	posterior interosseous a	extensor indicis is a deep forearm extensor, whereas extensor digiti minimi is in the superficial layer of extensors
extensor pollicis brevis	interosseous membrane and the posterior surface of the distal radius	base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb	extends the thumb at the metacarpophalangeal joint	deep radial nerve	posterior interosseous a	the tendons of extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus make the lateral border of the anatomical snuffbox, in which the radial arterial pulse can be felt (Latin, pollicis = the thumb)
extensor pollicis longus	interosseous membrane and middle part of the posterolateral surface of the ulna	base of the distal phalanx of the thumb	extends the thumb at the interphalangeal joint	deep radial nerve	posterior interosseous a	the tendon of extensor pollicis longus hooks around the dorsal radial tubercle; it forms the medial border of the anatomical snuffbox, in which the radial arterial pulse can be felt (Latin, pollicis = the thumb)
flexor carpi radialis	common flexor tendon from the medial epicondyle of the humerus	base of the second and third metacarpals	flexes the wrist, abducts the hand	median nerve	ulnar a.	works with the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis mm. to abduct hand (Greek, carpi = the wrist)
flexor carpi ulnaris	common flexor tendon & (ulnar head) from medial border of olecranon & upper 2/3 of the posterior border of the ulna	pisiform, hook of hamate, and base of 5th metacarpal	flexes wrist, adducts hand	ulnar nerve	ulnar a.	the ulnar nerve passes between the two heads of origin of the flexor carpi ulnaris m. (Greek, carpi = the wrist)
flexor digiti minimi brevis (hand)	hook of hamate & the flexor retinaculum	proximal phalanx of the 5th digit	flexes the carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints of the 5th digit	ulnar nerve, deep branch	ulnar a.	flexor digiti minimi brevis, abductor digiti minimi, and opponens digiti minimi are in the hypothenar compartment of the hand
flexor digitorum profundus	posterior border of the ulna, proximal two-thirds of medial border of ulna, interosseous membrane	base of the distal phalanx of digits 2-5	flexes the metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints	median nerve (radial one-half); ulnar nerve (ulnar one-half)	ulnar a., anterior interosseous a.	ulnar nerve innervates the portion of profundus that acts on digits 4 & 5 (the ulnar 2 digits)
flexor digitorum superficialis	humeroulnar head: common flexor tendon; radial head: middle 1/3 of radius	shafts of the middle phalanges of digits 2-5	flexes the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints	median nerve	ulnar a.	median nerve travels distally in the forearm on the deep surface of the flexor digitorum superficialis m.
flexor pollicis brevis	flexor retinaculum, trapezium	proximal phalanx of the 1st digit	flexes the carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints of the thumb	recurrent branch of the median nerve	superficial palmar br. of the radial a.	flexor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis brevis, and opponens pollicis are the three muscles of the thenar compartment of the hand (Latin, pollicis = the thumb)
flexor pollicis longus	anterior surface of radius and interosseous membrane	base of the distal phalanx of the thumb	flexes the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints of the thumb	median nerve	anterior interosseous a.	the tendon of flexor pollicis longus passes through the carpal tunnel with the other long digital flexor tendons and the median nerve (Latin, pollicis = the thumb)
infraspinatus	infraspinatous fossa	greater tubercle of the humerus (middle facet)	laterally rotates the arm	suprascapular nerve	suprascapular a.	infraspinatus, supraspinatus, teres minor and subscapularis are the rotator cuff muscles
interosseous, dorsal (hand)	four muscles, each arising from two adjacent metacarpal shafts	base of the proximal phalanx and the extensor expansion on lateral side of the 2nd digit, lateral & medial sides of the 3rd digit, and medial side of the 4th digit	flex the metacarpophalangeal joint, extend the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints of digits 2-4, abduct digits 2-4 (abduction of digits in the hand is defined as movement away from the midline of the 3rd digit)	ulnar nerve, deep branch	dorsal and palmar metacarpal aa.	bipennate muscles; remember DAB & PAD - Dorsal interosseous mm. ABduct and Palmar interosseous mm. ADduct - then you can figure out where they must insert to cause these actions (Latin, inter = between + os = bone)
interosseous, palmar	four muscles, arising from the palmar surface of the shafts of metacarpals 1, 2, 4, & 5 (the 1st palmar interosseous is often fused with the adductor pollicis m.)	base of the proximal phalanx and extensor expansion of the medial side of digits 1 & 2, and lateral side of digits 4 & 5	flexes the metacarpophalangeal, extends proximal and distal interphalangeal joints and adducts digits 1, 2, 4, & 5 (adduction of the digits of the hand is in reference to the midline of the 3rd digit)	ulnar nerve, deep branch	palmar metacarpal aa.	unipennate muscles; remember PAD & DAB: Palmar interossei ADduct and Dorsal interossei ABduct, and you will be able to figure out where they must insert (Latin, inter = between + os = bone)
latissimus dorsi	vertebral spines from T7 to the sacrum, posterior third of the iliac crest, lower 3 or 4 ribs, sometimes from the inferior angle of the scapula	floor of the intertubercular groove	extends the arm and rotates the arm medially	thoracodorsal nerve (C7,8) from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus	thoracodorsal a.	the inserting tendon twists so that fibers originating highest insert lowest (Latin, latissimus = broadest)
levator scapulae	transverse processes of C1-C4 vertebrae	medial border of the scapula from the superior angle to the spine	elevates the scapula	dorsal scapular nerve (C5); the upper part of the muscle receives branches of C3 & C4	dorsal scapular a.	levator scapulae is named for its action (Latin, levator = to lift)
lumbrical (hand)	flexor digitorum profundus tendons of digits 2-5	extensor expansion on the radial side of the proximal phalanx of digits 2-5	flex the metacarpophalangeal joints, extend the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints of digits 2-5	median nerve (radial 2) via palmar digital nerves & ulnar nerve (ulnar 2) via deep branch	superficial palmar arterial arch	lumbricals, arise from the profundus tendons and have the same pattern of innervation as does the profundus muscle (ulnar and median nn. split the task equally) (Latin, lumbricus = earthworm)
opponens digiti minimi	hook of hamate and flexor retinaculum	shaft of 5th metacarpal	opposes the 5th digit	ulnar nerve, deep branch	ulnar a.	opposition is a rotational movement of the 5th metacarpal around the long axis of its shaft; opponens digiti minimi, abductor digiti minimi, and flexor digiti minimi brevis are in the hypothenar compartment of the hand
opponens pollicis	flexor retinaculum, trapezium	shaft of 1st metacarpal	opposes the thumb	recurrent branch of median nerve	superficial palmar branch of the radial a.	opposition is a rotational movement of the 1st metacarpal around the long axis of its shaft; opponens pollicis, abductor pollicis brevis, and flexor pollicis brevis are in the thenar compartment of the hand (Latin, pollicis = the thumb)
palmar interosseous	four muscles, arising from the palmar surface of the shafts of metacarpals 1, 2, 4, & 5 (the 1st palmar interosseous is often fused with the adductor pollicis m.)	base of the proximal phalanx and extensor expansion of the medial side of digits 1 & 2, and lateral side of digits 4 & 5	flexes the metacarpophalangeal, extends proximal and distal interphalangeal joints and adducts digits 1, 2, 4, & 5 (adduction of the digits of the hand is in reference to the midline of the 3rd digit)	ulnar nerve, deep branch	palmar metacarpal aa.	unipennate muscles; remember PAD & DAB: Palmar interossei ADduct and Dorsal interossei ABduct, and you will be able to figure out where they must insert (Latin, inter = between + os = bone)
palmaris brevis	fascia overlying the hypothenar eminence	skin of the palm near the ulnar border of the hand	draws the skin of the ulnar side of the hand toward the centre of the palm	superficial br. of the ulnar n.	ulnar a.	palmaris brevis improves the grasp
palmaris longus	common flexor tendon, from the medial epicondyle of the humerus	palmar aponeurosis	flexes the wrist	median nerve	ulnar a.	palmaris longus is absent in about 13% of forearms; it may be present on one side only
pectoralis major	medial 1/2 of the clavicle, manubrium & body of sternum, costal cartilages of ribs 2-6, sometimes from the rectus sheath of the upper abdominal wall	crest of the greater tubercle of the humerus	flexes and adducts the arm, medially rotates the arm	medial and lateral pectoral nerves (C5-T1)	pectoral branch of the thoracoacromial trunk	the deep fascia on its anterior surface should not be fused to the fascia of the mammary gland - if it is, this is an important clinical sign indicating breast disease
pectoralis minor	ribs 3-5	coracoid process of the scapula	draws the scapula forward, medialward, and downward	medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1)	pectoral branch of the thoracoacromial trunk	branches of medial pectoral nerve usually pierce pectoralis minor to reach the pectoralis major muscle
pronator quadratus	medial side of the anterior surface of the distal one-fourth of the ulna	anterior surface of the distal one-fourth of the radius	pronates the forearm	median nerve via the anterior interosseous nerve	anterior interosseous a.	pronator quadratus is the deepest muscle in the distal forearm; it works with pronator teres and has the same nerve supply
pronator teres	common flexor tendon and (deep or ulnar head) from medial side of coronoid process of the ulna	midpoint of the lateral side of the shaft of the radius	pronates the forearm	median nerve	ulnar a., anterior ulnar recurrent a.	median nerve passes between the two heads of origin of pronator teres
rhomboideus major	spines of vertebrae T2-T5	medial border of the scapula inferior to the spine of the scapula	retracts, elevates and rotates the scapula inferiorly	dorsal scapular nerve (C5)	dorsal scapular a.	named for its shape
rhomboideus minor	inferior end of the ligamentum nuchae, spines of vertebrae C7 and T1	medial border of the scapula at the root of the spine of the scapula	retracts, elevates and rotates the scapula inferiorly	dorsal scapular nerve (C5)	dorsal scapular a	named for its shape
serratus anterior	ribs 1-8 or 9	medial border of the scapula on its costal (deep) surface	it draws the scapula forward; the inferior fibers rotate the scapula superiorly	long thoracic nerve (from ventral rami C5-C7)	lateral thoracic a.	a lesion of long thoracic nerve will cause winging of the scapula (i.e., the medial border of the scapula falls away from the posterior chest wall and looks like an angel's wing) (Latin, serratus = to saw)
serratus posterior inferior	thoracolumbar fascia, spines of vertebrae T11-T12 and L1-L2	ribs 9-12, lateral to the angles	pulls down lower ribs	branches of the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves T9-T12	lowest posterior intercostal a., subcostal a., first two lumbar aa.	a respiratory muscle, it receives ventral ramus innervation; embryonically related to the intercostal muscles, not the deep back mm. (Latin, serratus = to saw)
serratus posterior superior	ligamentum nuchae, spines of vertebrae C7 and T1-T3	ribs 1-4, lateral to the angles	elevates the upper ribs	branches of the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves T1-T4	posterior intercostal aa. 1-4	a respiratory muscle, it receives ventral ramus innervation; embryonically related to the intercostal muscles, not the deep back mm. (Latin, serratus = to saw)
subclavius	first rib and its cartilage	inferior surface of the clavicle	draws the clavicle (and hence the shoulder) down and forward	nerve to subclavius (C5)	clavicular br. of the thoracoacromial trunk	it serves an important protective function - it cushions the subclavian vessels from bone fragments in clavicular fractures
subscapularis	medial two-thirds of the costal surface of the scapula (subscapular fossa)	lesser tubercle of the humerus	medially rotates the arm; assists extention of the arm	upper and lower subscapular nerves (C5,6)	subscapular a.	subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor are the rotator cuff muscles
supinator	lateral epicondyle of the humerus, supinator crest & fossa of the ulna, radial collateral ligament, annular ligament	lateral side of proximal one-third of the radius	supinates the forearm	deep radial nerve	recurrent interosseous a.	deep radial nerve passes through the supinator to reach the posterior compartment of the forearm
supraspinatus	supraspinatous fossa	greater tubercle of the humerus (highest facet)	abducts the arm (initiates abduction)	suprascapular nerve (C5,6) from the superior trunk of the brachial plexus	suprascapular a.	supraspinatus initiates abduction of the arm, then the deltoid muscle completes the action; a member of the rotator cuff group
teres major	dorsal surface of the inferior angle of the scapula	crest of the lesser tubercle of the humerus	adducts the arm, medially rotates the arm, assists in arm extension	lower subscapular nerve (C5,6) from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus	circumflex scapular a.	teres major inserts beside the tendon of latissimus dorsi, and assists latissimus in its actions
teres minor	upper 2/3 of the lateral border of the scapula	greater tubercle of the humerus (lowest facet)	laterally rotates the arm	axillary nerve (C5,6) from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus	circumflex scapular a.	fixes the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa during abduction & flexion of the arm; a member of the rotator cuff group
trapezius	medial third of the superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of vertebrae C7-T12	lateral third of the clavicle, medial side of the acromion and the upper crest of the scapular spine, tubercle of the scapular spine	elevates and depresses the scapula (depending on which part of the muscle contracts); rotates the scapula superiorly; retracts scapula	motor: spinal accessory (XI), proprioception: C3-C4	transverse cervical a.	named for its shape; trapezius is an example of a muscle that migrates during development from its level of origin (cervical) to its final position, pulling its nerve and artery along behind
triceps brachii	long head: infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula; lateral head: posterolateral humerus & lateral intermuscular septum; medial head: posteromedial surface of the inferior 1/2 of the humerus	olecranon process of the ulna	extends the forearm; the long head extends and adducts arm	radial nerve	deep brachial (profunda brachii) a.	long head of the triceps separates the triangular and quadrangular spaces (teres major, teres minor and the humerus are the other boundaries); all three heads of origin insert by a common tendon

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Makindo