@About this App@Contributers@DeveloperACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein) TestingAIDS Dementia Complex (HIV)AIDS HIV InfectionAPGAR Scoring (Children)APTT and CoagulationAbacavirAbataceptAbbreviated Mental Test Score (AMTS)AbciximabAbdominal Aortic AneurysmAbdominal paracentesis for ascitesAbducent NerveAbetalipoproteinaemiaAbnormal Vaginal bleedingAcamprosateAcanthocytosisAcanthosis NigricansAcarboseAccelerated Idioventricular RhythmAcetazolamideAcetylcholine Receptor AntibodiesAcetylcholinesterase inhibitorsAchalasiaAchilles Tendon ruptureAchondroplasia (Children)AciclovirAcid maltase deficiency (Pompe disease)Acne RosaceaAcne VulgarisAcoustic Neuroma (Schwannoma)Acrodermatitis enteropathica (Children)Acromegaly and GiantismAcromio-clavicular jointActinomyces israeliAction PotentialActivated CharcoalActrapid (Insulin)Acute Abdominal Pain - Acute PeritonitisAcute Acalculous CholecystitisAcute Anaphylactoid ReactionsAcute AnaphylaxisAcute Angle Closure GlaucomaAcute AppendicitisAcute Bacterial MeningitisAcute BronchitisAcute CholangitisAcute CholecystitisAcute Colonic Pseudo-obstructionAcute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) GeneralAcute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) NSTEMI USAAcute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) STEMIAcute Coronary Syndrome (Cardiac Troponins)Acute Coronary Syndrome Grace scoreAcute DeliriumAcute Disc lesionsAcute Disseminated EncephalomyelitisAcute Diverticulitis - Diverticular diseaseAcute Dystonic ReactionAcute EncephalitisAcute Eosinophilic PneumoniaAcute EpiglottitisAcute Exacerbation of COPDAcute HepatitisAcute HydrocephalusAcute HypotensionAcute InflammationAcute Intermittent Porphyria (AIP)Acute Interstitial nephritisAcute Kidney Injury (AKI)Acute Limb IschaemiaAcute Liver FailureAcute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL)Acute MastoiditisAcute MonoarthritisAcute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML)Acute MyocarditisAcute PancreatitisAcute Pelvic Inflammatory DiseaseAcute PericarditisAcute Phase reactantsAcute PorphyriasAcute Promyelocytic LeukaemiaAcute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Adults)Acute Retroviral Syndrome (HIV)Acute RhabdomyolysisAcute Rheumatic feverAcute Rotator cuff tearAcute Severe AsthmaAcute Severe ColitisAcute SinusitisAcute Stroke Assessment (ROSIER&NIHSS)Acute TonsilitisAcute Urinary RetentionAcute and Chronic GoutAcute and Chronic Heart FailureAcute on Chronic Liver Disease DecompensationAcutely Ill PatientAdalimumabAddenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised (ACER)Addison Disease (Adrenal Insufficiency)AdefovirAdenosineAdenosine deaminase deficiencyAdhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder)Adjustment - Anxiety disordersAdrenal AntibodiesAdrenal PhysiologyAdrenaline (Epinephrine)AdrenoleukodystrophyAdrenomyeloneuropathyAdult Onset Still's DiseaseAfrican Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping sickness)Age related macular degenerationAicardi syndromeAir EmbolismAlbuminAlbumin-Protein Creatinine Ratio (PCR)Alcohol AbuseAlcohol Withdrawal (Delirium Tremens)Alcoholic (Steato)HepatitisAlcoholic KetoacidosisAldosterone PhysiologyAlendronate (Alendronic acid)AlfacalcidolAlkaline phosphatase (ALP)Alkalinisation of urineAlkaptonuriaAllergic Bronchopulmonary AspergillosisAllogeneic stem cell transplantationAllopurinolAlogliptin (Vipidia)AlopeciaAlpha FetoproteinAlpha ThalassaemiaAlpha subunit (ASU) of TSHAlpha-1 Antitrypsin (AAT) deficiencyAlport's SyndromeAlteplaseAltitude sicknessAluminium and Magnesium AntacidsAlveolar Gas EquationAlzheimer disease (Dementia)AmantadineAmenorrhoeaAmerican Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease)AmilorideAmino acidsAminoglycosidesAminophyllineAminosalicylatesAmiodaroneAmiodarone and Thyroid diseaseAmitriptylineAmlodipineAmmonia EncephalopathyAmnestic syndromesAmoebiasis (Entamoeba histolytica)AmoxicillinAmphetamine toxicityAmphotericin BAmpicillinAnaemia of Chronic DiseaseAnagrelideAnakinraAnal CancerAndexanet alfaAndrogen insensitivity syndromeAneurysmsAngina bullosa haemorrhagicaAngiodysplasiaAngiomyolipomaAngioneurotic OedemaAngiotensin Converting Enzyme InhibitorsAngiotensin Converting enzyme (ACE)Angular Stomatitis - CheilitisAnion GapAnkle and Foot fractures and InjuriesAnkle-Brachial pressure Index (ABPI)Ankylosing spondylitisAnorexia NervosaAntacid medicationAntepartum haemorrhageAnterior Horn Cell diseasesAnterior circulationAnti Dementia DrugsAnti-Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide (CCP) AntibodyAnti-D immunoglobulinAnti-Hu antibodiesAnti-OKT3 antibodiesAnti-RNP AntibodyAnti-Yo antibodiesAnti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)Antibiotics for Abdominal InfectionsAnticholinergic BurdenAnticholinergic syndromeAnticipationAnticoagulation and AntithromboticsAntidiuretic hormone (Vasopressin)Antigen presenting cellsAntimicrobial ChoicesAntimuscarinic drugsAntiphospholipid syndromeAntithrombin III deficiency (AT3)Aorta anatomyAortic DissectionAortic Regurgitation (Incompetence)Aortic SclerosisAortic StenosisAortoenteric fistulaApathetic thyrotoxicosisApixabanAplastic anaemiaApomorphineAppendix Cancer TumoursApproach to Assessing Sick ChildApproach to child with Acute GastroenteritisApproach to child with respiratory DistressArnold Chiari malformationArrhythmogenic Right ventricular CardiomyopathyArtemisininsArterial Blood gas analysisArterial Pulse assessmentArterial blood gas samplingArterial vs Venous vs Other Leg UlcersArteriovenous malformationsArtery of Percheron strokeArtery-to-artery embolic strokeArtesunateAsbestos Related Lung diseaseAscites Assessment and ManagementAspergillomaAspergillus fumigatusAspirinAspirin Salicylates toxicityAssessing Abdominal PainAssessing BreathlessnessAssessing Chest PainAssessing FallsAsteatotic eczemaAsthmaAstigmatismAstrocytomasAsystoleAtaxia TelangiectasiaAtazanavirAtenololAtherosclerosisAtopic Eczema or Atopic DermatitisAtorvastatinAtracuriumAtrial Ectopic beatsAtrial Fibrillation (Chemical cardioversion)Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)Atrial fibrillation (AF)Atrial flutterAtrial myxomaAtrial septal defect (ASD)Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardiaAtropine SulfateAutoantibodiesAutoimmune Haemolytic anaemia (AIHA)Autoimmune HepatitisAutonomic neuropathyAutosomal DominantAutosomal Dominant Polycystic kidney diseaseAutosomal RecessiveAzathioprineAzithromycinB lymphocytesBRCA genes (Familial Breast Cancer)Bacillus anthracisBacillus cereus poisoningBackpain / BackacheBaclofenBacteriaBacteroides fragilisBalanitis (Adults)Balanitis (Children)Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN)Balsalazide (Aminosalicylate)Barrett's oesophagusBartonellaBartters syndromeBasal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)Basic Fracture managementBasilar artery thrombosisBecker Muscular dystrophyBeclometasoneBeer PotomaniaBehavioural and Psychological Symptoms of DementiaBehcet's syndromeBell's palsyBendroflumethiazide (Bendrofluazide)Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)Benign Prostatic HyperplasiaBenign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasisBenzodiazepine ToxicityBenzodiazepinesBenzylpenicillin Sodium (Penicillin G)Berg Balance ScaleBeriplexBerylliosisBeta AgonistsBeta Blocker toxicityBeta ThalassaemiaBeta-2 MicroglobulinBeta-lactamasesBetahistine (Serc)BezafibrateBiceps ruptureBilateral adrenalectomyBiliary atresiaBilirubinBiochemical Lab valuesBisacodylBisoprololBisphosphonatesBladder CancerBladder StonesBleedingBleeding disordersBleeding due to DrugsBleomycinBlindness - global causesBlood products - Packed cells blood transfusionBlood Products - CryoprecipitateBlood Products - Fresh Frozen PlasmaBlood Products - PlateletsBlood film interpretationBlood gas valuesBloody DiarrhoeaBlotting Techniques: Gel ElectrophoresisBone Marrow TransplantationBone disease Lab resultsBone metabolism RANK RANKL OPG pathwayBone scintigraphy (Bone scan)Bordetella pertussis - Whooping coughBorrelia burgdorferiBorrelia recurrentisBotulismBrachial neuritis (neuralgic amyotrophy)Brachial plexus anatomyBrachial plexus and associated injuryBrain AbscessBrain Anatomy and functionBrain MRIBrain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)Brain PhysiologyBrain Tumours (Cancer)Brainstem anatomyBranchial cleft cystBreast CancerBreast FibroadenomaBretyliumBroad complex TachycardiaBromocriptineBronchial adenomaBronchiectasisBronchiolitisBronchoscopyBrown-Sequard syndromeBrucellaBrugada syndromeBudd-Chiari syndromeBudesonideBuerger disease (Thromboangiitis obliterans )Bulbar vs Pseudobulbar palsyBulimia NervosaBullous PemphigoidBumetanideBunionsBuprenorphineBupropionBurkholderia cepaciaBurkitt's lymphomaBurnsBusulphan (Busulfan)ByssinosisC reactive protein (CRP)CADASILCARASILCHADS2 - CHA2DS2-VASc scoreCMV retinitisCNS fungal InfectionsCNS infectionsCSF RhinorrhoeaCT Head Basics (Stroke)CT Pulmonary angiogram (CTPA)CT imaging basics for StrokeCURB 65 scoreCabergolineCaecal VolvulusCaisson Disease - Decompression sicknessCalcitoninCalcitriol (1,25 Dihydroxycholecalciferol)Calcium Chloride or GluconateCalcium PhysiologyCalcium Pyrophosphate Deposition (Pseudogout)Calcium ResoniumCalcium channel blockers toxicityCalot's triangleCampylobacterCancer of Unknown PrimarCandesartanCandidiasisCannabis toxicityCapecitabineCapnocytophaga canimorsusCapnographyCapreomycinCaptopriCarbamazepineCarbapenemase-producing EnterobacteriaceaeCarbimazoleCarbon monoxide poisoningCarcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)Carcinoid Heart DiseaseCarcinoid Tumour SyndromeCarcinoma of the Bile DuctCarcinoma of the GallbladderCardiac Amyloid heart diseaseCardiac Anatomy and PhysiologyCardiac Catheter ablationCardiac InfectionsCardiac MRICardiac Resynchronisation Therapy (CRT) PacemakerCardiac Valve replacementCardioembolic strokeCardiogenic Pulmonary OedemaCardiogenic shockCardiology - History TakingCardiology Exam ListCardiology ExaminationCardiology Valves SummaryCardiopulmonary bypassCarmustineCarotid Artery anatomyCarotid Body TumourCarotid EndarterectomyCarotid Sinus SyncopeCarotid StentingCarotid artery DissectionCarotid sinus massageCarpal tunnel syndromeCarvedilolCase 01 Sudden weaknessCase 02 Loss of speechCase 03 Adult male weak legsCase 04 High calciumCase 05 High Potassium and heart failureCase 06 High calcium and weight lossCase 07 Weak eyesCase 08 Weak faceCase 09 A cause of DeliriumCase 10 Older patient presenting post strokeCase 11 Young patient with acute headacheCase 20 Young patient with acute headacheCase 21 HypoglycaemiaCase 22Case 23 Old man with tremorCase 24 Cancer and weakCase 99 (Acute breathlessness)Case TemplateCat Scratch DiseaseCataractCatheter Related Urinary Tract infection UTICatheter related Blood stream infectionCatheter related UTICauda equina syndromeCaudate NucleusCauses of Airway ObstructionCauses of Avascular Necrosis of Femoral headCauses of Sore throatCauses of WeaknessCavernous angiomas (Cavernomas)Cavernous sinusCavernous sinus thrombosisCefaclorCefalexinCefotaximeCeftazidimeCeftriaxoneCefuroximeCelecoxibCell Response to InjuryCellular Anatomy and PhysiologyCellulitisCentral Cord SyndromeCentral Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO)Central Retinal artery Occlusion (CRAO)Central Venous line InsertionCentral pontine myelinolysisCephalosporinsCerebellar Anatomy Physiology Signs DiseaseCerebellar HaemorrhageCerebellar StrokeCerebral Amyloid angiopathy (CAA)Cerebral AneurysmsCerebral AngiitisCerebral Atrophy vs HydrocephalusCerebral CortexCerebral MetastasesCerebral PalsyCerebral PerfusionCerebral Salt WastingCerebral Venous Sinus thrombosisCerebral arteritisCerebral microbleedsCervical Cancer screeningCervical Spine injuryCervical cancerCervical spondylosisCetirizineChancroidCharcot Foot Syndrome (CFS)Charcot Marie Tooth (CMT) diseaseChediak Higashi syndromeChest Abdomen anatomyChest X Ray #1Chest X Ray InterpretationChest drain InsertionChlamydia - Chlamydophila pneumoniaeChlamydia psittaciChlamydia trachomatisChlorambucilChloramphenicolChlordiazepoxideChloroquineChlorphenamine(Chlorpheniramine)ChlorpromazineCholangiocarcinomaCholera (Vibrio cholera)Cholestatic JaundiceCholesteatomaCholesterol - LipidsCholinergic crisis-syndromeChondrocalcinosisChorea - BallismusChoreoacanthocytosisChromosome instability syndromesChronic BronchitisChronic HepatitisChronic InflammationChronic Inflammatory Demyelinating polyneuropathyChronic Interstitial NephritisChronic Kidney Disease (CKD)Chronic Lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML)Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)Chronic PancreatitisChronic PeritonitisChronic Radiation EnteritisChronic Urinary RetentionChronic Vision Uni-Bilateral loss (Blindness)Chronic and recurrent MeningitisChronic liver diseaseChronic mucocutaneous candidiasisChronic stable anginaChylomicronsCiclosporinCimetidineCinacalcetCiprofloxacinCirrhosisCisplatinCitalopramCladribineClarithromycinCleft lip or palateClindamycinClopidogrelClostridium botulinumClostridium difficileClostridium perfringensClostridium tetani - TetanusClotrimazole creamClotting pathwaysClozapineCo Careldopa (Sinemet)Co-Amoxiclav (Augmentin)Co-Beneldopa (Madopar)Co-codamolCo-trimoxazoleCoagulopathyCoal Worker's PneumoconiosisCoarctation of the Aorta (CoA aortopathy)Cocaine abuseCocaine induced chest painCocaine toxicityCoccidioidomycosisCodeineCoeliac diseaseCogan SyndromeColchicineCold Agglutinin Disease (CAD/AIHA)CollagenColloid cyst in the third ventricleColloidsColonic (Large bowel) ObstructionColonoscopyColorectal cancerColorectal polypsColposcopyComa managementCombined Oral contraceptive pill (COCP)Common Peroneal Nerve (CPN)Common variable immunodeficiencyComparing Rheumatoid and OsteoarthritisComplementComprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA)Confirming DeathCongenital Acyanotic Heart Disease (Children)Congenital Adrenal hyperplasiaCongenital Complete Heart BlockCongenital Cyanotic Heart Disease (Children)Congenital HypothyroidismCongenital Talipes Equinovarus - ClubfootConstipationConstrictive PericarditisContact allergic dermatitisContinuous Positive Airways Pressure (CPAP)Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysisContraceptionConus Medullaris syndromeCor PulmonaleCoronary artery bypass graft surgeryCoronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID 19Corticobasal degeneration (Dementia)Corticosteroid-related psychosisCorticosteroidsCorynebacterium diphtheriaeCotard delusionCoxiella BurnetiiCranial nerves and examinationCraniopharyngiomaCreatinine ClearanceCremation forms (UK)Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (Dementia)Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic feverCritical illness neuromuscular weaknessCrohn's diseaseCroupCryptococcus neoformans infectionsCryptogenic Fibrosing AlveolitisCryptogenic Organising Pneumonia (COP-BOOP)CryptosporidiosisCrysal arthritisCrystalloidsCushing diseaseCushing syndromeCutaneous LeishmaniasisCyanide toxicityCyanosis - Central and PeripheralCyclizineCyclo-oxygenase (COX) enzymesCyclophosphamideCycloserineCys leukotriene receptor antagonistsCystic FibrosisCystinosisCystinuriaCytokinesCytomegalovirus infectionsD DimerDNA and RNA short notesDNA replicationDabigatranDalteparinDandy Walker syndromeDantroleneDapagliflozinDarier's DiseaseDarunavirDeQuervain's thyroiditisDeath Certificates (UK)Deep brain stimulationDeep vein thrombosis (DVT)Dehydration PhysiologyDelayed Puberty CriteriaDemeclocyclineDementia with Lewy bodiesDementiasDemyelinating DiseasesDengue FeverDenosumab (Prolia)Dental AnatomyDentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophyDepressionDermatitis HerpetiformisDermatology termsDermatomesDermatomyositisDermoid cystsDesferrioxamineDesmopressin (DDAVP)Desogestrel (Progestogen Only Pill)Developmental Dislocation (Dysplasia) of the HipDevelopmental MilestonesDexamethasoneDiGeorge syndrome (thymic aplasia)Diabetes Insipidus (Cranial and Nephrogenic)Diabetes Mellitus Type 1Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 and DKA (children)Diabetes Mellitus Type 2Diabetes Mellitus in pregnancyDiabetes on the wardDiabetic Autonomic Neuropathy (DAN)Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) AdultsDiabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) with SGLT2 InhibitorsDiabetic NephropathyDiabetic RetinopathyDiabetic amyotrophyDiabetic footDiamond-Blackfan anaemiaDiamorphineDiaphragmatic disordersDiarrhoeaDiazepamDidanosine (ddI)DiethylstilbestrolDifferentials causes of Foot DropDifferentials of ABCDifferentials of Generalised lymphadenopathyDifferentials of Painful thighDifferentials of XXXDiffuse Oesophageal spasmDiffuse large B-cell lymphomaDiffusion CapacityDigoxinDigoxin ToxicityDihydrocodeineDilated cardiomyopathyDiltiazemDiphtheriaDipyridamoleDischarges against adviceDiscoid lupus erythematosus (DLE)Disease templateDiseases with associated cancersDislocation Sternoclaivcular jointDisopyramideDisseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)Distributive ShockDisulfiram (Antabuse)DobutamineDog BitesDog Bites HandDominant R wave in V1DomperidoneDonepezil (Aricept)DonovanosisDopamine HydrochlorideDopamine agonistsDown's syndrome (Trisomy 21)DoxapramDoxazosin (Cardura)DoxepinDoxorubicin (Adriamycin)DoxycyclineDrivingDrowningDrug Induced Parkinson diseaseDrug Reaction Eosinophilia Systemic Symptoms DRESSDrug TemplateDrug Toxicity - clinical assessmentDrug Toxicity with Specific AntidotesDrug induced Lupus ErythematosusDrug induced liver diseaseDrugsDrugs ListDrugs to Avoid in Acute Renal failureDrugs to avoid ElderlyDrugs to avoid in Liver failureDry and Wet GangreneDual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)Duchenne muscular dystrophyDulaglutide GLP-1 agonistDuloxetineDuodenal Atresia (Children)Dupuytrens contractureDysenteryDysphagiaECG - Acute Coronary SyndromeECG - Acute ST Elevation Myocardial InfarctionECG - Atrial fibrillationECG - Atrial flutterECG - BasicsECG - Broad complex tachycardia (possible VT)ECG - Brugada syndromeECG - Causes of a Dominant R wave in V1ECG - Early Repolarisation vs STEMIECG - First degree AV BlockECG - Heart BlockECG - HyperkalaemiaECG - InterpretationECG - Ischaemic Heart DiseaseECG - Left Axis DeviationECG - Left Bundle Branch Block LBBBECG - Left Ventricular HypertrophyECG - Low Voltage ComplexesECG - Narrow complex tachycardiaECG - Normal appearanceECG - Pathological Q wavesECG - QT intervalECG - Right Axis DeviationECG - Right Bundle Branch Block RBBBECG - ST-T T waves changesECG - Supraventricular tachycardia ECG - The QRS complexECG - Tutorial from Queens UniversityECG - Ventricular fibrillationECG - Ventricular tachycardiaECG - Wolff Parkinson White syndrome (WPW)ECG - short PR intervalECG - sinus pauseECG - tall R wave V1ENT Exam - Assessing hearingENT infectionsEbola Virus DiseaseEbstein anomalyEchinocytesEchocardiogramEcstasy toxicityEctopia lentis (subluxation of the lens)Ectopic PregnancyEctropionEculizumabEdoxaban (Lixiana)Edward syndrome (trisomy 18 syndrome)Efavirenz (Sustiva) EFVEhlers-Danlos syndromesEhrlichiosisEikenella corrodensEisenmenger's syndrome (Children)Elbow fractures and InjuriesElectrical injuryEloquent brainEmergency DrugsEmphysemaEmpty sella syndromeEmtricitabine (Emtriva) FTCEnalaprilEnd of Life Care PrescribingEndocarditis and StrokeEndocrinology Lab valuesEndometrial (Uterine) CancerEndometriosisEndoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography XEndothelinsEnfuvirtideEnoxaparin Sodium (Clexane-Lovenox)EnoximoneEntacaponeEnterococciEnteropathic SpondyloarthritisEnzyme inducers and inhibitorsEosinophilic granulomatosis (Churg Strauss)EpendymomaEpidural HaematomaEpidural abscessEpilepsy - General ManagementEpilepsy - Idiopathic Generalised EpilepsyEpilepsy - Mesial temporal lobe epilepsyEpilepsy - Post TraumaticEpilepsy in PregnancyEpiscleritisEpistaxisEplerenoneEponymous brainstem strokesEpstein-Barr Virus infectionEquivalent doses of OpiatesErb PalsyErgocalciferol (Calciferol)Erlotinib (Tarceva)Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiaeErythema MultiformeErythema NodosumErythrocyte Sedimentation rate (ESR)ErythrocytesErythrodermic PsoriasisErythromycinEscherichia coliEscitalopramEsomeprazoleEssential Thrombocythaemia (ET)Essential TremorEtanerceptEthambutolEthanolEthanol toxicityEthylene glycol toxicityEtomidateEtravirine (intelence) ETREwing sarcomaExenatide (Byetta) GLP1 agonistExercise stress testExploding head syndromeExtradural haematomaExtrapyramidal symptomsExtrinsic Allergic alveolitis (Hypersensitivity)Eye infectionsEzetimibeFabry diseaseFacial NerveFacioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophyFactor V Leiden DeficiencyFaecal CalprotectinFahr syndromeFailure to thrive or Faltering growthFamilial Adenomatous polyposis (FAP)Familial AmyloidosisFamilial HypercholesterolaemiaFamilial Mediterranean Fever (FMF)Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia (FHH)Family Tree (Pedigree)FamotidineFanconi AnaemiaFanconi SyndromeFat embolismFatigue - CausesFatty acidsFebrile seizuresFelodipine (Dihydropyridine)Femoral HerniaFemoral triangleFemur fractures and InuriesFentanyl - FentanilFerritinFerrous Fumarate - Gluconate - SulphateFetal Alcohol SyndromeFetal circulationFever - Pyrexia of unknown origin (FUO PUO)Fever in a travellerFibratesFibrinogenFibromuscular dysplasiaFibromyalgiaFidaxomicinFinasteride (5 alpha-reductase inhibitor)First SeizureFitz-Hugh Curtis SyndromeFlail ChestFlecainide AcetateFlexor sheath infection (flexor tenosynovitis)FlucloxacillinFluconazoleFlucytosineFludrocortisoneFluid balances statusFlumazenil (Annexate - Romazicon)FluoxetineFocal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)Foix-Alajouanine syndromeFolate (Folic) acidFolate deficiencyFolinic acid (Leucovorin)FomepizoleFondaparinuxFood borne diseaseFoscarnet SodiumFosfomycinFosphenytoinFoster Kennedy SyndromeFournier's gangreneFracture TemplateFractured ClavicleFractured Neck of FemurFractured Pubic RamusFractured ScapulaFractured Shaft FemurFractured Tibia and FibulaFractures Shaft HumerusFractures in ChildrenFractures of Upper humerusFragile X syndromeFrailtyFraser guidelines and Gillick CompetenceFree RadicalsFriedreich's AtaxiaFrontotemporal dementiaFull or Complete Blood Count (FBC CBC)FungiFurosemide (Frusemide)Fusidic acidFusobacteria - Tropical ulcerFusobacteriumG protein-coupled receptorsGP Emergency Drugs CarriedGabapentinGalactorrhoeaGalantamineGamete intra-fallopian tube transfer (GIFT)Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT)Gamma hydroxy butyrate (GHB) toxicityGanciclovir - ValganciclovirGardner syndromeGardnerella vaginalisGas GangreneGastric (MALT) LymphomaGastric CancerGastric Outlet obstruction (pyloric stenosis)GastrinomaGastro Intestinal Stromal Tumours (GIST)Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux (Adult GORD)Gastro-Oesophgeal Reflux (Paediatrics GORD)GastroenteritisGastroenterology Exam ListsGastroenterology ExaminationGastroenterology HistoryGastroenterology assessment - JaundiceGastrointestinal anatomy and physiologyGastrointestinal perforationGastrostomy (PEG) tubesGaucher's diseaseGene componentsGenetic DiseasesGentamicinGiardiasisGilbert's syndromeGingival (Gum) hyperplasia-hypertrophyGitelman's syndromeGlasgow Blatchford ScoreGlasgow Coma scaleGlatiramer acetate (Copaxone)GlibenclamideGliclazideGlimepirideGlipizideGlobus PallidusGlomerulonephritisGlossitisGlucagonGlucagonomaGlucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiencyGlucose Tolerance TestGlutamateGlycated HaemoglobinGlyceryl Trinitrate (GTN)Glycogen storage diseasesGlycolysis_Krebs_Electron_Transport_ChainGlycopyrronium BromideGoitreGolfer's ElbowGolimumab (Simponi)Goodpasture's syndrome (Anti GBM disease)Goserelin (Zoladex)Gradenigo's syndromeGrades of RecommendationGram StainGranuloma annulareGranulomatosis with Polyangitis GPA (Wegener)Graves DiseaseGriseofulvinGrowth Hormone DeficiencyGuillain Barre SyndromeGum hypertrophyGuthrie test New Born blood spotGynaecological History TakingGynaecomastiaHAS-BLED scoreHIV and Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)HIV and Pre-exposure prophylaxisHIV associated nephropathy (HIVAN)HIV disease AssessmentHTLV-1 Associated myelopathyHaematemesisHaematology Examination - SplenomegalyHaematology Lab valuesHaematuria Mild to SevereHaemodialysisHaemoglobinsHaemolysisHaemolytic AnaemiaHaemolytic Uraemic syndromeHaemolytic disease of the newbornHaemophilia AHaemophilia BHaemophilus aegyptiusHaemophilus ducreyiHaemophilus influenzaeHaemophilus parainfluenzaeHaemopoiesisHaemorrhagic TransformationHaemorrhagic strokeHaemorrhoids (Piles)Hairy Cell LeukaemiaHairy LeukoplakiaHallervorden-Spatz disease (PKAN)HaloperidolHamman-Rich syndromeHand foot and mouth diseaseHand fractures and InjuriesHantavirus infectionsHartmann's solution (Ringer's lactate)Hartnup disease*Hashimoto's (Steroid responsive) EncephalopathyHashimoto's thyroiditisHbA1cHead (Brain) InjuryHead and Neck CancersHeadache - Analgesic overuseHeadache - Assessing Acute and SevereHeadache - Basilar MigraineHeadache - ClusterHeadache - Low CSF pressureHeadache - MigraineHeadache - TensionHeadaches - GeneralHearing aidsHeat StrokeHelicobacter pyloriHelvetica Spotted feverHemicraniectomyHenoch-Schonlein purpuraHeparin - GeneralHeparin - Low Molecular Weight HeparinHeparin - Unfractionated HeparinHeparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)Hepatic EncephalopathyHepatitis AHepatitis BHepatitis CHepatitis DHepatitis EHepatocellular CarcinomaHepatorenal syndromesHereditary ElliptocytosisHereditary HaemochromatosisHereditary Haemorrhagic TelangiectasiaHereditary Spastic ParaparesisHereditary SpherocytosisHereditary angio-oedemaHereditary neuropathy with pressure palsiesHereditary non polyposis coli (Lynch syndrome)Herpes GestationisHerpes SimplexHerpes Simplex Encephalitis (HSV)Herpes VirusesHerpes Zoster Ophthalmicus (HZO) ShinglesHerpes simplex keratitis (HSK)Heyde syndromeHiatus herniaHiccups (Singultus)High Dose Dexamethasone Suppression TestHip pain in childrenHirschsprung disease (congenital megacolon)Hirsuitism XXXHistonesHistoplasmosisHodgkin LymphomaHolt-Oram syndromeHolter monitor (tape) 24-72 hHomocystinuriaHookwormHorner's syndromeHospital acquired Pneumonia (NICE 139)Human albumin solution (HAS)Human prion diseasesHumeral fractures and injuriesHunter's syndrome (MPS-2)Huntington ChoreaHurler's syndrome (MPS-1)Hydatid disease (Echinococcus)Hydatidiform moleHydralazineHydrocortisoneHydrogen BondsHydrops fetalisHydroxocobalaminHydroxocobalamin - Cyanocobalamin (B12)HydroxychloroquineHydroxyurea-HydroxycarbamideHyoscine (Buscopan)Hyper IgM syndromeHyperbaric Oxygen therapyHypercalcaemiaHyperglycaemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS)Hyperinsulinaemic-euglycemic therapy (HIET)HyperkalaemiaHyperkalaemic and Hypokalaemic Periodic ParalysisHypermagnesaemiaHypernatraemiaHyperphosphataemia (High phosphate)HyperprolactinaemiaHypersensitivity reactionsHypertensionHypertension in PregnancyHypertriglyceridaemia (HTG)Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM - HOCM)Hyperventilation SyndromeHyperviscosity syndromeHypocalcaemiaHypoglycaemiaHypogonadism (Female)Hypogonadism (male)HypokalaemiaHypokalaemic Periodic ParalysisHypomagnesaemiaHyponatraemiaHypoparathyroidismHypophosphataemia (Low phosphate)Hypopituitarism (Pituitary Failure)HypospadiasHypothermiaHypothyroidismHypovolaemic or Haemorrhagic ShockIL-12 receptor deficiencyIV ImmunoglobulinIbandronic acid (Bisphosphonate)IbuprofenIcatibantIdiopathic Intracranial hypertensionIdiopathic Parkinson diseaseIdiopathic Pulmonary FibrosisIgA Nephropathy (Berger's disease)Images - Spot diagosesImatinib mesylateImipenem (Primaxin) with CilastinImmune Reconstitution SyndromeImmune(Idiopathic) Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD)ImpetigoImplantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)Impulse control disordersInclusion Body MyositisIncubation periodsIndapamideIndinavir (IND)Infection screening in Septic patientInfections and their Microbial causeInfectious MononucleosisInfective ConjunctivitisInfective EndocarditisInfertilityInfliximabInfluenzaInguinal HerniaInitial Trauma AssessmentInjury Severity Score (ISS)Insomnia - sleep issuesInsulinInsulinomaInterferon BetaIntermittent ClaudicationInternal CapsuleInternuclear OphthalmoplegiaInterpreting HaematinicsInterstitial KeratitisIntestinal obstruction (Children)Intra Aortic Balloon PumpIntraabdominal abscessIntracerebral Haemorrhage (ICH) ScoreIntracranial HypertensionXIntravenous Iron Replacement (Ferrous)Intraventricular haemorrhage (neonates)Intubation and Mechanical VentilationIntussusception (Adults)Intussusception (Children)Iodine deficiency GoitreIpratropium Bromide (Atrovent)IrbesartanIron SaltsIron deficiency AnaemiaIron toxicityIrritable bowel syndromeIschaemic ColitisIschaemic StrokeIschaemic heart diseaseIsoniazidIsoprenalineIsosorbide DinitrateIsosorbide mononitrateIsotretinoin (Accutane)Ispaghula Husk (Fybogel)IvabradineJansen DiseaseJanus kinase 2Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndromeJob Syndrome (Hyper IgE syndrome)Jugular Venous Pressure (JVP)Junctional TachycardiaJuvenile DermatomyositisJuvenile Idiopathic arthritis (Stills Disease)Juvenile Myoclonic epilepsy (JME)Kallmann's syndromeKaposi sarcoma (KS)Karnofsky performance status scaleKawasaki diseaseKennedy SyndromeKeratoconusKernicterusKetamineKetoconazoleKlebsiella pneumoniaKlinefelter Syndrome (Children)Klumpke palsyKnee fractures and InjuriesKoebner phenomenonKugelberg Welander syndromeKwashiorkorL-Thyroxine (T4)Labetalol (Trandate)Labyrinthitis - Vestibular NeuronitisLactateLactate dehydrogenase (LDH)Lactic acidosisLactobacillus acidophilusLactose IntoleranceLactuloseLady Windermere syndromeLambert-Eaton syndrome (LEMS)Lamivudine (3TC)LamotrigineLangerhans Cell Histiocytosis XLansoprazoleLanthanumLateral Medullary SyndromeLaxativesLe Fort FracturesLead toxicityLeber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)LeflunomideLegal definition of BlindnessLegionella pneumophilaLeishmaniasis (Cutaenous and Visceral)Lemierre's syndromeLenalidomide (Revlimid)Length Dependent PolyneuropathyLennox-Gastaut syndromeLenticulostriate branch occlusionLeprosyLeptinLeptospira interrogansLeptospirosis (Weil's Disease) (Notifiable)Leriche syndrome (aortoiliac occlusive disease)Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (Children)LeukaemiaLeukaemias in GeneralLeukoariosisLeukocytoclastic vasculitisLeukotrienesLevetiracetam (Keppra)LevodopaLevomepromazineLevosimendanLi Fraumeni syndromeLichen PlanusLiddle's syndromeLidocaine(Lignocaine)Lightning strikeLimb girdle dystrophyLimbic EncephalitisLinagliptin (Trajenta)LinezolidLinkageLiothyronine Sodium L-Triodothyronine (T3)Lipid emulsion therapy - IntralipidLipid management [NICE 2014]LipoatrophyLipoprotein lipase deficiencyLiraglutide (Victoza)LisinoprilListerial MeningitisListeriosisLithiumLithium toxicityLivedo ReticularisLiver Anatomy PhysiologyLiver BiopsyLiver Function TestsLiver TransplantationLiver abscessLiver disease in PregnancyLocalisation of cortical functionLofepramineLong QT syndrome (LQTS) AcquiredLong QT syndrome (LQTS) CongenitalLong term Oxygen therapy (LTOT)Loop diureticsLooser's zonesLoperamideLopinavirLoratadineLorazepamLosartanLow Dose Dexamethasone Suppression TestLower Gastrointestinal BleedingLugol iodineLumbar puncture and CSF interpretationLumbrosacral radiculopathyLung AbscessLung CancerLung ComplianceLung EmpyemaLung TransplantLupus NephritisLupus VulgarisLyme diseaseLymphocytic HypophysitisLymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV)LyonizationLysosomal storage diseasesMCune Albright syndromeMELASMacrocytic anaemiaMacroglossiaMagnesium PhysiologyMagnesium Sulphate - SulfateMagnetic resonance cholangiopancreatographyMagnetic resonance imagingMajor Histocompatibility complexMalabsorption - small intestineMalaria (non falciparum)Malaria FalciparumMale InfertilityMale Urethral CatheterisationMale erectile dysfunctionMalignant AscitesMalignant Hyperpyrexia (Malignant Hyperthermia)Malignant HypertensionMalignant MelanomaMalignant pleural mesotheliomaMallet FingerMallory-Weiss TearMalnutrition Universal Screening ToolManiaMannitolMantle cell lymphomaMarantic EndocarditisMarasmusMaraviroc (Celsentri)Marfan syndromeMarginal Zone LymphomaMassive HaemoptysisMaturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)McArdles disease (type V)Measles (notifiable)MebeverineMeckel's diverticulumMeconiumMedian NerveMedical Mnemonics Basic SciencesMedical Mnemonics CardiologyMedical Mnemonics EndocrineMedical Mnemonics Mental HealthMedical Mnemonics MiscellaneousMedical Mnemonics NeurologyMedical ProceduresMedical TeethMedullary Sponge kidneyMedulloblastomaMefenamic acidMefloquine (Larium)Megaloblastic anaemiaMelatoninMelioidosisMemantine HydrochlorideMembranous GlomerulonephritisMenetrier diseaseMeniere diseaseMeningiomaMeningitis in the ImmunocompromisedMenopauseMenstrual cycleMental Capacity Act 2005Mental Health Act 1983Mental State ExaminationMercaptopurineMeropenemMesalazine (Aminosalicylate)Mesangiocapillary GlomerulonephritisMesenteric infarctionMetabolic Syndrome XMetabolic acidosisMetabolic alkalosisMetachromic leucodystrophyMetastatic AdenocarcinomaMetastatic bone diseaseMetforminMethaemoglobinaemiaMethanol ToxicityMethodoneMethods to reduce toxin absorptionMethotrexateMethylcelluloseMethylprednisoloneMetoclopramideMetolazoneMetoprololMetronidazole (Flagyl)Metyrapone (Metopirone)MiconazoleMicroangiopathic Haemolytic anaemiaMicrocytic anaemiaMicroscopic PolyangiitisMicroscopic colitisMicrostomiaMidazolamMiddle East Resp Syndrome (MERS) CoronavirusMidodrineMigraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS)Miller-Fisher syndromeMilwaukee shoulder syndromeMini Mental State Examination (MMSE)Minimal Change Disease GlomerulonephritisMinocyclineMinoxidilMirabegronMirizzi syndromeMirtazapineMiscarriageMisoprostolMitochondrial diseasesMitral Regurgitation (Incompetence)Mitral StenosisMitral Stenosis vs Regurgitation - DominanceMitral Valve prolapseMittleschmerzMixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD)Mobility aidsModified Duke Criteria for EndocarditisModified Oxford Handicap Scale (MOHS)Modified Rankin ScoreMolluscum contagiosumMonoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significanceMonocular loss of visionMonocytesMonosodium glutamate (MSG) syndromeMontelukastMontreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA)Moraxella catarrhalisMorphine SulphateMosquito borne diseasesMotor Neuron Disease (MND-ALS)Moyamoya diseaseMucormycosisMultifocal Atrial TachycardiaMultifocal Motor Neuropathy with Conduction blockMultiple Antithrombotics AnticoagulantsMultiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 1 (MEN1)Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type II (MEN2)Multiple MyelomaMultiple PregnancyMultiple Sclerosis (MS) DemyelinationMultiple System Atrophy (MSA)Mumps (Notifiable)Muscles of the Abdominal RegionMuscles of the BackMuscles of the Head and NeckMuscles of the Lower LimbMuscles of the Pelvis and PerineumMuscles of the Thoracic RegionMuscles of the Upper limbMyasthenia GravisMycobacterium TuberculosisMycophenolate mofetilMycoplasma pneumoniaeMycoplasmasMycosis Fungoides (Sezary Syndrome)Myelodysplastic syndrome (Myelodysplasia)MyelofibrosisMyelofibrosis vs CMLMyelopathyMyeloproliferative disordersMyobacterium avium Complex InfectionMyocardial perfusionMyoclonusMyotonic dystrophy - Dystropica myotonicaMyxoedema comaN-Acetylcysteine (Parvolex)NEWS Reacting to Low Oxygen SaturationsNICE Guidelines LinksNICE Trauma Guidance Summary 2016NSAID toxicityNaloxone (Narcan) Opiate antagonistNaproxenNarcolepsyNasal polypsNasogastric tube insertionNatalizumab (Tysabri)National Early Warning Score NEWS 2 ScoreNeck PainNeck swellings and lumpsNecrotising Enterocolitis (Infants)Necrotising fasciitisNeedlestick injuryNefopamNeisseria gonorrhoeaeNeisseria meningitidisNelson SyndromeNeomycinNeonatal Abstinence Syndrome NASNeonatal JaundiceNeonatal Lupus ErythematosusNeonatal meningitisNeostigmineNephritic syndromeNephroblastoma (Wilm's tumour)Nephrotic syndromeNephrotoxic drugsNerve conduction studiesNerve fibresNeuroanatomy 101Neuroanatomy imagesNeuroblastomaNeurocysticercosisNeuroferrinopathyNeurofibromatosis Type 1Neurofibromatosis Type 2Neuroleptic Malignant SyndromeNeurological - Relative Afferent pupillary defectNeurological - Vision and Eye movementsNeurological Examination - CognitionNeurological Examination - Cortical FunctionsNeurological Examination - MotorNeurological Examination - SensoryNeurological Examination - Speech&LanguageNeurological ListsNeurological assessment - PtosisNeurological examination - EyesNeurological or ENT Examination - NystagmusNeurology - History takingNeurology Exam - Reflex findingsNeuromyelitis optica*Neuropathic Pain ManagementNeurotransmittersNeutropeniaNeutropenic SepsisNeutrophil Alkaline PhosphataseNeutrophilsNevirapine (Viramune) NEV-NVPNiacin deficiency (Pellagra Vitamin B6)Nicardipine (Cardene)NicorandilNiemann-Pick diseaseNifedipineNimodipine (Nimotop)Nitric OxideNitrofurantoinNitrous oxideNizatidineNocardiaNoise induced hearing lossNon Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease NAFLDNon Convulsive Status EpilepticusNon Hodgkin LymphomaNon alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)Non gonococcal urethritisNon invasive ventilation (NIV)Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)Non sustained Ventricular tachycardiaNoonan syndromeNoradrenalineNormal DistributionNormal Pressure HydrocephalusNormal Saline 0.9%Normocytic anaemiaNortriptylineNosocomial infectionsNotifiable disease and organisms UKNutrition in Infants BreatsfeedingNystatinOSCE - Administer IV InjectionOSCE - Blood cultureOSCE - VenepunctureOSCE - Venous Cannula InsertionObsessive-Compulsive disorderObstetric definitionsObstructive ShockObstructive Sleep ApnoeaOctreotideOculomotor Nerve (IIIrd Cranial Nerve)OedemaOesophageal CarcinomaOesophageal Perforation - RuptureOesophageal Variceal BleedingOesophagogastroduodenoscopyOlanzapineOlfactory Nerve (I)OligodendrogliomaOlmersartanOlsalazine (Aminosalicylate)OmalizumabOmeprazoleOnchocerciasisOncogenic virusesOncological emergenciesOndansetronOne Table TemplateOphthalmology Exam ListsOpiate ToxicityOpiatesOpicaponeOpioid toxicityOptic Neuritis-NeuropathyOptic atrophyOptic tract anatomyOral Aphthous UlcersOral CandidiasisOral LeukoplakiaOrbital vs Preorbital CellulitisOrganism and sensitivitiesOrganophosphate (OP) PoisoningOrphenadrineOrthopaedic infectionsOrthostatic - Postural hypotensionOscillopsiaOseltamivir - TamifluOsteoarthritisOsteogenesis ImperfectaOsteogenic sarcoma (Osteosarcoma)Osteomalacia-Rickets-Vitamin DOsteomyelitisOsteonecrosis of the jawOsteopetrosisOsteoporosisOtitis Externa (Malignant)Otitis MediaOtosclerosisOttawa rules for ankle and foot x-rayOvarian CancerOvarian CystOvaryOxford community stroke project (Bamford)Oxybutynin (Ditropan)Oxycodone (Oxycontin-Oxynorm)Oxygen delivery devicesOxytetracyclinePEDIS Score for Diabetic Foot UlcersPOEMS syndromePabrinexPacemaker DDDPacemaker VVIPacemaker syndromePacemakersPacing - Indications for temporary pacingPaediatric emergenciesPaediatricsPaget's (Bone) diseasePain ManagementPainful Shoulder syndromesPalliatiion - Nausea Dyspnoea Secretions PainPalliation prescribingPalpitationsPamidronate (Bisphosphonate)Pancoast tumour (Cancer)Pancreatic CancerPanton-Valentine leucocidin toxinPantoprazolePapilloedemaParacetamol (Acetaminophen)Paracetamol toxicityParadoxical embolisationParaneoplastic Encephalitis with NMDA antibodiesParaneoplastic Limbic Encephalitis (Dementia)Paraneoplastic cerebellar degenerationParaphimosisParaquat toxicityParkinson Plus syndromesParkinsonismParonychiaParoxetineParoxysmal Nocturnal HaemoglobinuriaParvovirus (Erythrovirus 19) B19 infectionPasteurella multocidaPatau syndrome (trisomy 13)Patent Ductus arteriosus (PDA) (Children)Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO)Pathogen - pattern recognition receptorsPathological bone fracturePegvisomantPelvic fracturesPemphigus VulgarisPenetrating Abdominal TraumaPenetrating Thoracic TraumaPenicillaminePenicillinsPenile CancerPeptic ulcer diseasePercutaenous Coronary Intervention (PCI ACS)PergolidePericardial Effusion_TamponadePerimesencephalic Subarachnoid haemorrhagePerindoprilPerinephric abscessPerioperative AnticoagulationPeripartum cardiomyopathyPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)Peripheral Cannula InsertionPeripheral Nerve Palsies*Peripheral neuropathyPeripherally inserted central cathetersPernicious anaemiaPerthes disease (Osteochondritis of the Hip)PethidinePeutz-Jeghers syndromePhaeochromocytomaPhagocytesPharmacokinetic notesPharmacokineticsPharyngeal arch derivativesPhenobarbital sodiumPhenoxymethylpenicillin (Penicillin V)PhentolaminePhenylketonuria (PKU)Phenytoin (Dilantin)Philadelphia chromosomePhimosisPhobic disordersPhocomelia and ThalidomidePhosphorusPhysiology of visionPicolax - CitrafleetPilonidal Abscess (sinus)Pioglitazone (Thiazolidinediones)Pituitary AdenomaPituitary Anatomy and PhysiologyPituitary ApoplexyPityriasis or Tinea versicolor infectionsPityriasis roseaPivmecillinam (a penicillin antibiotic)Placenta praeviaPlacental abruptionPlantar fasciitisPlasmacytomaPlasmapharesisPlasmidsPleural effusionPleural tap (thoracentesis)Pneumococcal meningititisPneumoconiosisPneumocystis jirovecii pneumoniaPneumoniaPneumothoraxPoisons eliminated Haemodialysis - perfusionPoliomyelitisPolyarteritis nodosa (PAN)Polyarticular arthritisPolycystic Ovary syndromePolycythaemia Vera (primary polycythaemia)Polymerase chain reactionPolymorphic light eruptionPolymyalgia RheumaticaPolymyositisPolypharmacy Start CriteriaPolypharmacy Stop CriteriaPolyuriaPontine-Midbrain haemorrhagePorphyria Cutanea Tarda (PCT)Porphyria TestingPortal HypertensionPositron Emission TomographyPost Menopausal BleedingPost Operative ManagementPost Partum ThyroiditisPost Polio SyndromePost SplenectomyPost Streptococcal/Infectious GlomerulonephritisPost Stroke Epilepsy (PSE)Post traumatic stress disorderPost-exposure prophylaxis with ImmunoglobulinsPosterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRESPosterior circulationPostpartum haemorrhagePotassium PhysiologyPralidoximePramipexole (Mirapexin)PrasugrelPravastatinPraxbind - IdarucizumabPraziquantelPrazosinPre-Operative AssessmentPreEclampsia, Eclapsmia and HELLPPrednisolonePrednisonePregabalinPremature LabourPremature MenopausePresbyacusisPrescribing InformationPrescribing in PregnancyPressure soresPrevotella (Bacteroides) melaninogenicaPriapismPrimaquinePrimary (Chronic simple) Open angle GlaucomaPrimary Biliary CirrhosisPrimary CNS LymphomaPrimary HyperparathyroidismPrimary Sclerosing CholangitisPrimary ciliary dyskinesiaPrimary hyperaldosteronism (Conn's syndrome)Primary progressive aphasia (Dementia)ProbenicidProchlorperazine (Stemetil)ProcyclidineProgressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP)ProlactinomaPropafenonePropanthelinePropionibacteriumPropofolPropranololPropylthiouracilProstate cancerProsthetic ValvesProtamine SulfateProtein C DeficiencyProtein S DeficiencyProtein losing enteropathyProtein p53Protein synthesisProteusProthrombin 20210A mutationProthrombin Complex Concentrates (PCC)Prothrombin time and CoagulationProthrombotic disordersProton Pump InhibitorsProximal myopathyPrucalopridePsammoma bodiesPseudohypoparathyroidismPseudomonas infection (Pseudomonas aeruginosa)Psoas AbscessPsoriasisPsoriatic arthritisPsychogenic PolydipsiaPubic Lice (Pediculosis Pubis)Pulmonary Alveolar ProteinosisPulmonary Arteriovenous malformationPulmonary EmbolismPulmonary Eosinophilia and CXR changesPulmonary HypertensionPulmonary Hypertension - PrimaryPulmonary RegurgitationPulmonary StenosisPulmonary hypertension - SecondaryPulse oximetryPutamenPutaminal HaemorrhagePyloric stenosis (Children)Pyoderma gangrenosumPyonephrosisPyrazinamidePyridostigminePyruvate Kinase deficiencyQuetiapineQuinineQuinine toxicityRabiesRadial PulseRadial nerveRadiation exposureRadioactive iodine (I 131)Radiofrequency Catheter AblationRadius and Ulna fractures and InjuriesRaloxifeneRaltegravirRamiprilRamsay Hunt syndromeRanitidineRanolazineRapid sequence intubation (RSI)Rapidly Progressive GlomerulonephritisRasagilineRasburicaseRaynaud's PhenomenonReactive arthritisRectal ProlapseRed cell aplasiaRed eyeRefeeding syndromeReferring to Level 2 or 3 care (ITU ICU HDU)Refractive ErrorsRefsum's diseaseRelapsing polychondritisRemdesvir (Veklury)Renal Artery StenosisRenal Papillary NecrosisRenal Physiology IRenal Stones (Nephrolithiasis)Renal TransplantationRenal Tubular AcidosisRenal Vein ThrombosisRenal cell carcinomaRenal physiologyRenin and Aldosterone Renin ratio (ARR)Renin-angiotensin systemRespiratory (Chest) infections and pneumoniaRespiratory - History TakingRespiratory AcidosisRespiratory AlkalosisRespiratory Anatomy and PhysiologyRespiratory Disease InvestigationsRespiratory Distress Syndrome (Neonates)Respiratory ExaminationRespiratory Examination - Finger ClubbingRespiratory Failure (hypoxia-hypercarbia)Resting membrane potentialRestless legs syndromeRestriction enzymesRestrictive CardiomyopathyResuscitation - Adult Bradycardia AlgorithmResuscitation - Adult Tachycardia AlgorithmResuscitation - Advanced Life SupportResuscitation - Basic Life Support ABCDEResuscitation - Choking AlgorithmResuscitation - Post Resuscitation AlgorithmReteplaseReticulocytesRetinal detachmentRetinitis pigmentosaRetinoblastomaRetinoidsRetroperitoneal fibrosisRett SyndromeReversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndromeReye syndromeRhesus haemolytic diseaseRheumatoid arthritisRheumatology AutoantibodiesRheumatology Lab valuesRhodococcus equiRibavirinRicin ToxicityRickettsia (General Principles)Rickettsia africae (Tick Bite Fever)Rickettsia akariRickettsia conorii (Tick Bite Fever)Rickettsia prowazekiiRickettsia rickettsiiRickettsia tsutsugamushiRickettsia typhiRifampicin (Rifabutin Rifampin)RifaximinRilipivirine (Edurant) RVPRiluzole (Rilutek)Risedronate (Bisphosphonate)RisperidoneRitonavir (Norvir) RTVRituximab (Mabthera)Rivaroxaban (Xarelto)Rivastigmine (Exelon)Rocky Mountain Spotted FeverRocuroniumRotigotineRubella (German Measles) NotifiableSCL70 AntibodySMASH U Intracerebral Haemorrhage ClassificationSOCRATES mnemonicST segment changesSacubitril with ValsartanSalivary Gland DiseaseSalivary glandsSalmonella entericaSalmonella typhiSaquinivir (Invirase) SQVSarcoidosisSaxagliptin (Onglyza)ScabiesScarlet Fever (Scarlatina)SchistosomiasisSchizophreniaSchmidt's syndromeSciaticaSeborrheic DermatitisSecondary Brain TumoursSecondary MessengersSecondary dysmenorrhoeaSecondary hyperparathyroidismSedation and Analgesia on ITUSelective IgA deficiencySelective Serotonin reuptake Inhibitor toxicitySelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)SelegilineSelenium deficiencySennaSeptic Shock and Sepsis 3Septic arthritisSepticaemiaSeronegative SpondyloarthropathiesSerotonin syndromeSerratiaSevelamerSevere combined immunodeficiency disordersSex Linked RecessiveSheehan's syndromeShigella characteristicsShigellosis (Bacillary Dysentery)Shock (General Assessment)Short Synacthen test (SST)Short and Tall stature Growth in ChildrenShoulder dislocationsSick Euthyroid SyndromeSickle Cell DiseaseSideroblastic AnaemiaSigmoid VolvulusSildenafil (Viagra)SilicosisSilver Trauma - Age over 65SimvastatinSinus BradycardiaSinus Node diseaseSinus TachycardiaSitagliptinSitosterolemiaSjogren's syndromeSkin and soft tissue infectionsSkull AnatomySleep physiologySlipped Upper Femoral Epiphysis (SUFE)Small Bowel IschaemiaSmall Bowel ObstructionSmall vessel diseaseSmallpoxSmokingSnake BitesSneddon SyndromeSodium BicarbonateSodium NitroprussideSodium PhysiologySodium PicosulfateSodium Thiopental - Sodium ThiopentoneSodium Valproate (Epilim Depakote)Sodium Zirconium Cyclosilicate (Lokelma)Soft tissue injuries (sprains, strains)SolifenacinSolitary Pulmonary NoduleSotalol HydrochlorideSpetzler-Martin Grading of AVMSpina BifidaSpinal Cord AnatomySpinal Cord Arteriovenous MalformationsSpinal Cord CompressionSpinal Cord HaematomaSpinal Cord InfarctionSpinal StenosisSpirometrySpironolactoneSpleenSplenic RuptureSpondylolisthesisSpontaneous Bacterial PeritonitisSpontaneous intracranial hypotensionSquamous Cell CarcinomaSt John's WortStaphylococcal InfectionsStaphylococcus aureusStaphylococcus epidermidisStaphylococcus saprophyticusStatinStatus Epilepticus (Epilepsy)Stavudine (Zerit) d4TStevens-Johnson SyndromeStiff Person SyndromeStrabismus (Lazy Eye)Streptobacillus moniliformisStreptococci - anaerobesStreptococcusStreptococcus agalactiaeStreptococcus milleriStreptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus)Streptococcus pyogenesStreptococcus viridansStreptokinaseStreptomycinStridorStroke - Arterial Occlusion and clinical correlateStroke - Epidemiology and risk factorsStroke - General ManagementStroke - ImagingStroke ASPECTS scoringStroke CollateralsStroke Risk FactorsStroke ThrombolysisStrongyloides stercoralis (threadworm)StrontiumSubacute Sclerosing PanencephalitisSubacute ThyroiditisSubarachnoid HaemorrhageSubclavian Steal SyndromeSubclavian vein thrombosisSubdural haematomaSucralfateSudden Cardiac Death (SCD)Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL)SuicideSulfasalazine - SulphasalazineSulphonamide (Sulphamethoxazole)SumatriptanSuperior Mesenteric Artery (SMA) SyndromeSuperior Sagittal Sinus ThrombosisSuperior vena caval obstruction syndromeSupracondylar Femur FracturesSupracondylar Humerus FracturesSupraspinatus tendonitisSupraventricular TachycardiaSurgical CricothyroidotomySurgical prophylaxisSurgical site infectionSusac syndromeSuxamethoniumSydenham's choreaSynchronised DC CardioversionSyncopeSyndrome X (Cardiology)Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH) secretionSyndromes with Severe Cognitive IssuesSyphilisSyringobulbiaSyringomyeliaSystemic AmyloidosisSystemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)Systemic MastocytosisSystemic SclerosisT cellsTIMI scoreTMN Staging tumoursTNF receptor-associated periodic syndromeTORCH infectionsTURP Hyponatraemia syndromeTabes dorsalisTacrolimusTafamidisTakayasu arteritis (pulseless disease)Takotsubo CardiomyopathyTamoxifenTamsulosin (Flomax)Tanner Stages of Pubertal DevelopmentTardive DyskinesiasTay-Sachs diseaseTazocin (Tazobactam - Piperacillin)TeicoplaninTelomeresTemazepamTemozolomide (Temodal)Template XTemplate two columns listTemporal (Giant Cell GCA) ArteritisTenecteplaseTennis ElbowTensilon testTension PneumothoraxTerbutalineTeriparatideTerlipressinTertiary hyperparathyroidismTesticular CancerTesticular torsionTestingTetrabenazineTetracosactide (Synacthen)TetracyclinesTetralogy of Fallot (Children)Thalamic HaemorrhageThalamic Pain SyndromeThalamic Stroke SyndromeThalidomideTheophyllineTheophylline toxicityThiamineThird Degree (complete) Heart BlockThoracic TraumaThoracic anatomyThoracic outlet syndromeThrombocytosisThrombolysisThrombophilia testingThrombotic Thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)Thyroglossal Cyst (Children)Thyroid CancerThyroid Function Tests and antbodiesThyroid GlandThyroid Storm - Thyrotoxic crisisThyroid Surgery (Thyroidectomy)Thyroid noduleThyrotoxicosis and HyperthyroidismTiagabineTibia and Fibula fractures and InjuriesTicagrelorTick ParalysisTimololTinea capitisTinidazoleTinzaparin (Innohep)Tiotropium (Spiriva)Titre - TiterTocilizumabTolbutamideTolcaponeTolosa Hunt SyndromeTolterodineTolvaptanTongue tie - ankyloglossia (Children)Topiramate (Topamax)Torsades de pointes (Polymorphic VT)Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous DrainageToxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN)Toxic MegacolonToxic Shock SyndromeToxoplasmosisTramadolTranexamic AcidTranscatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI)Transfer factor (TLCO)Transfusion ten commandmentsTransient Global Amnesia (TGA)Transient Ischaemic Attack (TIA)Transient Monocular Blindness (TMB)Transoesophageal Echocardiography (TOE-TEE)Transplant and organ rejectionTransposition of the great arteries (Children)Transverse myelitisTrastuzumab (Herceptin)Traumatic Spinal InjuryTravellers DiarrhoeaTrazodoneTreponemaTriangles of the neckTrichinellosisTricuspid Atresia (Children)Tricuspid RegurgitationTricuspid StenosisTricyclic Antidepressant ToxicityTricyclic antidepressantsTrigeminal NerveTrigeminal neuralgiaTrihexyphenidyl (benzhexol)TrimethoprimTrinucleotide (triplet) repeatsTrochlear NerveTropheryma whipplei (Whipple disease)Tropical SprueTruncus Arteriosus (Children)TuberculosisTuberculous MeningitisTuberous sclerosisTularaemiaTumour Lysis SyndromeTumour markersTurcot's syndrome (Brain tumor polyposis syndrome)Turner's syndrome (Children)Two list Table templateTyphoid - Paratyphoid fever (Enteric Fever)Tyrosine Kinase receptorsUS vs UK Drug namesUbiquitinUlcerative ColitisUlnar nerveUltrasound - Echo basicsUndifferentiated Inflammatory Arthritis (Children)Unexplained symptomsUpper Gastrointestinal Bleed (GI Bleed)Upper-Lower Motor Neurone signsUrea and ElectrolytesUrethral syndomeUrinary CatheterisationUrinary Incontinence (Stress and Urge)Urinary Tract Infection (UTI Children)Urinary Tract InfectionsUrinary Tract ObstructionUrinary UTI Antibiotic guidanceUrine AnalysisUrothelial tumoursUrticariaUterusVIPomasVTE DVT PE in PregnancyVaginal CarcinomaValaciclovirValsartanVancomycinVariable rate intravenous insulin infusion VRIIIVariant (Prinzmetal) AnginaVaricella-Zoster (Chickenpox Shingles) InfectionVariegate PorphyriaVascular DementiaVasculitis - General Issues and ClassificationVasopressin (AVP) Antidiuretic hormoneVasovagal syncopeVaughan-Williams ClassificationVecuroniumVedolizumab (Entyvio)VenlafaxineVenous Insufficiency and Leg UlcersVenous access Venflons and Central linesVentilator associated pneumonia (VAP)Ventricular FibrillationVentricular Septal defect (VSD) (Children)Ventricular TachycardiaVentricular ectopic beatsVerapamilVertebral artery dissectionVertigoVesicoureteric reflux (VUR) (Children)Vibrio parahaemolyticusVibrio vulnificusVibrio vulnificus Vigabatrin (Sabril)VinblastineVincristineViral MeningitisViral associated cancersVirusesVisual acuityVitamin A deficiency (Children)Vitamin B1 Thiamine deficiencyVitamin B12 deficiencyVitamin B12 excessVitamin C deficiency (Scurvy)Vitamin D (1,25 OH2)Vitamin D (25 OH D)Vitamin D deficiencyVitamin D resistant rickets (Children)Vitamin K (Phytomenadione)Vitamin K deficiencyVitiligoVoltarol (Diclofenac)Von Gierke Disease (Children)Von Hippel LindauVon Willebrand DiseaseWaardenburg's syndrome (Children)Wagner Classification Diabetic foot ulcersWaldenstrom Macroglobulinaemia (WM)Wallerian DegenerationWarfarinWarfarin and BleedingWater PhysiologyWatershed InfarctsWerdnig Hoffman Disease (Children)Wernicke Korsakoff SyndromeWhite Blood Cells - LeukocytesWilliams Syndrome (Children)Wilson diseaseWiskott-Aldrich syndrome (Children)Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome (WPW)Wolfram syndrome (DIDMOAD)Wound healingX linked Agammaglobulinaemia (Bruton)X linked Hypophosphataemic ricketsX-linked IchthyosisX-linked lymphoproliferative disease (Children)Xeroderma pigmentosumYellow FeverYellow Nail SyndromeYersinia enterocoliticaYersinia pestis - Bubonic PlagueYersinia pseudotuberculosisZZAAAZZ_Abnormal charZabramski Classification of CavernomasZidovudine (Retrovir) AZT - ZDVZieve's syndromeZika virusZinc deficiencyZoledronic acidZollinger Ellison syndromeZolpidemZopicloneeGFR

ABC Medical Notes.com

Free Open Access Medical Information
MEDICAL DISCLAIMER:The contents are under continuing development and improvements and despite all efforts may contain errors of omission or fact. This is not to be used for the assessment, diagnosis or management of patients. It should not be regarded as medical advice by healthcare workers or laypeople. It is for educational purposes only. Please adhere to your local protocols. Use the BNF for drug information. If you are unwell please seek urgent healthcare advice. If you do not accept this then please do not use the website. Makindo Ltd

Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) General


ST elevation changes everything - if you spot it act fast to establish coronary reperfusion through PCI or thrombolysis. Always check an ECG after any new episode of chest pain so as not to miss STEMI. Early intervention saves lives

Immediate assessment of Moderate to Severe Cardiac Chest pain
Management of Acute Chest pain due to Suspected ACS
  • NB: MI can be silent in elderly or diabetics. Ensure defibrillator available
  • Clinical Assessment/NEWS/ Telemetry. IV access. Get 12 lead ECG
  • Give High FiO2 to achieve SaO2 > 95%
  • Send FBC, U&E, LFT, Troponin and Dimer if PE/Dissection suspected
  • GTN spray or tablet S/L if SBP > 110 mmHg
  • Morphine 2.5-5 mg slow IV or Diamorphine 2.5-5 mg slow IV
  • Metoclopramide 10 mg IV Oxygen and Monitor and Urgent 12 lead ECG
  • Aspirin 300 mg PO stat (US ASA 162–325 mg PO/PR)
  • Commence a P2Y12 antagonist: one of the following
    • Clopidogrel 300-600 mg PO Stat
    • Ticagrelor 180 mg PO stat
    • Prasugrel 60 mg PO stat
  • Metoprolol 5-15 mg IV or 50 mg PO
  • See ACS STEMI/NSTEMI
Introduction
  • Acute coronary syndrome has become used to describe patients with chest pain of suspected cardiac origin.
  • It is a general term for patients with new or increasing chest pain presumed due to myocardial ischaemia with symptoms with associated ECG changes.
  • Stable angina is not included as an ACS and rarely presents acutely where it is more likely to be Unstable angina.
  • ECG changes of ST-elevation separate the two forms of myocardial infarction as studies have shown that this separates those who benefit from PCI/thrombolysis and those that don't.
  • Biomarkers separate the diagnosis of USA from NSTEMI and are not always available acutely.
Acute coronary syndromes include 
  • Unstable angina (USA) : Symptoms + ECG changes Normal Troponin
  • NSTEMI : Symptoms + ECG changes + raised Troponin
  • STEMI: : Symptoms + ECG changes Raised Troponin
NSTEMI vs STEMI NSTEMI STEMI
ECG changes ST depression ST elevation
Vessel 30-40% occluded 80% occluded
Mortality Low in hospital, Higher after discharge with greater 1 year mortality high in hospital, Lower after discharge with lower 1 year mortality
Clot high in platelets high in fibrin
Thrombolysis No, possibly harmful Indicated, reduces mortality

About
  • Acute coronary syndrome is an important cause of sudden cardiac death
  • Needs urgent reperfusion for STEMI, nitrates, antithrombotics, analgesia, oxygen
  • Access to immediate defibrillation and arrhythmia and heart failure management
Aetiology
  • Most cases of STEMI are caused by occlusion of a major coronary artery
  • Effect depend on which artery and how proximal the lesion and how much myocardium is damaged
  • Prompt treatment is very important as long delay times to Primary PCI are associated with a worse clinical outcome
  • Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the term given to mechanical intervention to open the occluded artery.
  • Fibrinolysis or thrombolysis is the term given to pharmacological reperfusion.
Pathophysiology
  • Disruption or erosion of an atherosclerotic plaque within the coronary arteries
  • Leads to Thrombosis which may cause total or subtotal occlusion of the vessel
  • Thrombosis may embolise into distal coronary vessels
  • Loss of normal flow leads to cardiac ischaemia

Classification of MI
Not all MIs with significant troponin elevation is caused by acute plaque rupture and in situ thrombosis. Some are Type 2 and have other underlying causes such as arrhythmia or PE or other acute events. The term type 2 myocardial infarction has always been vague. Some have suggested that we stop using this term and consider instead the concept of secondary myocardial injury that relates to the underlying pathophysiology of the primary clinical condition
Type 1 Spontaneous MI related to ischaemia due to a primary coronary event such as plaque erosion and/or rupture, fissuring, or dissection.
Type 2 MI secondary to ischaemia due to either increased oxygen demand or decreased supply, e.g. coronary artery spasm, coronary embolism, anaemia, arrhythmias, hypertension, or hypotension.
Type 3 Sudden unexpected cardiac death, including cardiac arrest, often with symptoms suggestive of myocardial ischaemia, accompanied by presumably new ST elevation, or new LBBB, or evidence of fresh thrombus in a coronary artery by angiography and/or at autopsy, but death occurring before blood samples could be obtained or at a time before the appearance of cardiac biomarkers in the blood.
Type 4a Myocardial infarction associated with PCI
Type 4b Myocardial infarction associated with stent thrombosis as documented by angiography or at autopsy.
Type 5 Myocardial infarction associated with CABG
Risk Factors
  • These increase chance that chest pain is cardiac
  • Age M > 40 yrs; F >50. Gender M > F
  • Family IHD History especially premature <50 yr M, <60 F
  • Smoking, Dyslipidaemia, Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus IDDM, NIDDM
Clinical
  • Take a careful history of the symptoms with relation to exertion.
  • Chest/arm/jaw pain at rest is ominous and important.
  • Assess clinical presentation in the light of risk factors.
  • A similar history in a young risk free male is managed differently than in a 60 year old male smoker and hypertensive
  • Patient with STEMI often pale, terrified and cold peripherally
  • Examine for shock, murmurs, heart failure, and pulmonary disease.
  • An S3 may be heard as well as a raised JVP and inspiratory crackles
  • Look for ankle oedema. Pulmonary oedema is a poor prognostic sign.
  • Clinical features that made IHD more likely
    • Radiation of pain to the arms or shoulders right or left
    • Pain associated with exertion, diaphoresis, nausea, or vomiting
    • Worse than previous angina or similar to a previous MI.
    • Hypotension or S3
  • Atypical presentations
    • Breathlessness without pain
    • Delirium and confusion in the elderly
    • Falls and syncope also in elderly
    • Epigastric symptoms with inferior MIs
    • Elderly and diabetics are prone to atypical presentations
    • ECG is a screening test for the "silent MI".
    • New Arrhythmias
    • Acute Pulmonary oedema
  • Clinical features that make Chest pain less likely to be IHD
    • Pleuritic, positional, or sharp chest pain
    • Inframammary location
    • Pain not associated with exertion
    • A normal exam
Poor Prognosis
  • Ongoing and recurrent ischaemia
  • Widespread ECG changes, Raised CK/Troponins
  • Hypotension and Mitral regurgitation with ischaemia
  • Pulmonary oedema, Cardiogenic shock
Investigations
  • FBC:Haemoglobin : anaemia can exacerbate ACS
  • U&E:Baseline renal function
  • Glucose and lipids: Diabetes
  • Troponin T/I
  • CK(MB)/AST/LDH - historical biomarkers superseded by Troponin
  • Echocardiogram - if available acutely may show wall movement abnormalities suggesting ischaemia/infarction. An estimation of LV function and valve function is useful.
  • Exercise stress test: If pain settles and ECG changes equivocal and troponin negative then consider diagnostic EST. See topic
  • Tests to assess hibernating myocardial whose viability will improve with revascularisation by PCI or CABG. Try Cardiac MRI or PET scan. Dobutamine stress echo, Thallium. Most give a sensitivity of over 90% except stress echo (70%)
  • Electrocardigram - always repeat with new symptoms
    • ECG is recorded. Comparison with previous ECGs, if available, is very valuable, particularly in those with pre-existing cardiac pathology such as LVH or established coronary disease. The ECG splits patients with a suspicion of ACS in two categories requiring different therapeutic approaches:
    • ST-segment elevation signifies complete occlusion of a major coronary artery and immediate reperfusion therapy is usually indicated. ST-elevation due to STEMI is associated with ST depression in opposing leads as well as T wave changes.
    • ST-segment changes but without persistent ST-segment elevation or a normal ECG. Will need an estimation of biochemical markers.
    • In a small number there are undetermined ECG changes such as bundle branch block or pacemaker rhythm. Will need an estimation of biochemical markers.
  • Assessing Troponin
    • Normal (hs Troponin T < 14ng/l) A result of <14ng/L more than 6 hours after symptoms rules out MI.
    • Possible MI (hs Troponin T 14-30 ng/l) especially if there is +7ng/L rise 3 hrs later
    • Probable MI (hs Troponin T > 30 ng/l)
Differentials
  • Syndrome X:  Recurrent chest pain suggestive of IHD. Worse with exertion. Normal coronary arteries. Recurrent symptoms but a good prognosis
  • Coronary spasm : "Printzmetal's angina". ST-segment elevation seen sometimes. Coronary arteries normal. Given nitrates and calcium channel blockers - good prognosis
  • Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy - Also known as "broken heart syndrome". Possibly due to elevated catecholamine response to stress leading to myocardial stunning. Anginal chest pain, dyspnoea and evidence of heart failure often in a setting of severe emotional or physiological stress. ECG ST elevation, Q wave and T wave changes, Long QT. Troponin may be raised. Echo - generalized akinesis of the apex and mid ventricle with hypokinesis and wall motion problems beyond the area of one coronary artery. The left ventriculogram shows apical ballooning. Supportive management and the condition resolves over several months.
  • Aortic dissection: central chest pain may be into back
  • Acute pericarditis: can have saddle-shaped ST elevation and chest pain
Unstable Angina
  • Chest pain that is of unlimited duration and/or increasing severity and occurs after a fixed site of exertion or at rest and may be worsening.
  • Cardiac biomarkers are normal. ECG - Normal or ST depression and T wave changes associated with symptoms
  • Management same as NSTEMI
Non STEMI Management (Subocclusive thrombus)
  • See Topic
STEMI Management (Occlusive thrombus)
  • See Topic
Secondary Prevention medications
  • Beta-blockers
    • All patients should receive a beta-blocker as soon as clinically stable unless contraindicated. Contra-indicated in: bradycardia <60bpm 2nd or 3rd degree AV block systolic BP <100mmHg severe heart failure, bronchospasm or asthma significant peripheral vascular disease concomitant use of verapamil.
    • Continue current beta-blocker or start Bisoprolol 2.5mg daily titrating up to a maximum 10mg daily as tolerated as per heart rate and blood pressure. For patients who have LVSD (EF<40%) or subsequently develop LVSD consider bisoprolol, nebivolol or carvedilol. A lower starting dose of 1.25mg daily for bisoprolol/nebivolol or carvedilol 3.125mg twice daily should be initiated. Monitor BP, pulse rate, for conduction disturbances or worsening of heart failure.
  • Nitrates
    • Glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) infusion (ready diluted 50mg/50ml vial) or isosorbide dinitrate 1mg/ml infusion. Consider for all patients with the acute coronary syndrome with ongoing or persistent pain.
    • Not given if a patient has systolic BP < 100 mmHg known nitrate sensitivity. known severe aortic stenosis. Up-titrate as per local policy every 30 minutes until a satisfactory response. Measure BP and HR after each dose titration and then hourly.
  • Statins
    • Start Atorvastatin 80mg daily in all patients (consider 40mg daily if very elderly, frail with multiple co-morbidities as appropriate). Check LFTs prior to therapy, within 1-3 months after starting therapy then 6 months thereafter up to 1 year. LFTs should then be checked yearly. Patients should be warned to report any unexplained muscle pain, tenderness or weakness.
    • It is recommended to start high-intensity statin therapy as early as possible unless contraindicated, and maintain it long term. In patients with LDL cholesterol >70 mg/dL (>1.8 mmol/L) despite a maximally tolerated statin dose, further reduction in LDL cholesterol with a non-statin agent should be considered.
  • ACE inhibitors (ACEi)
    • Once clinically and haemodynamically stable, start Ramipril at 2.5mg once or twice daily dependent on BP and renal function. Increase every 1-3 days in the hospital to a maximum of 5mg BD or 10mg daily.
    • Patients with LVSD EF<40% and/or NYHA class IV should be started on Ramipril 1.25mg daily and titrated gradually every 1-2 days to 10mg daily.
  • Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
    • Should ONLY be used where patients truly intolerant of ACEI due to an ACEi induced cough (persistent, intolerable cough - not just dry cough)
    • Start Candesartan 8mg daily post MI and uptitrate.
    • If LVSD with EF<40% start Candesartan 4mg daily increasing up to a maximum 32mg daily as tolerated.
    • Monitor as per ACE inhibitors
  • Eplerenone (Aldosterone antagonist/ mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist)
    • For patients with signs and/or symptoms of heart failure post-myocardial infarction who are not already on an aldosterone antagonist. Started 3-14 days post-myocardial infarction if indicated. Initially, 25mg daily, increased preferably within 4 weeks to 50mg daily
    • Check potassium levels prior to initiation, during the 1st week and at 1 month after the start of treatment and each dosage change. Potassium levels should be monitored periodically after this. Patients with potassium levels >5 should not be started on eplerenone. After initiation, the dose should be adjusted based on the serum potassium.
    • Patients admitted on spironolactone may be continued on spironolactone instead of starting eplerenone (never use eplerenone and spironolactone together).
  • PPI
    • A proton pump inhibitor in combination with DAPT is recommended in patients at higher than average risk of gastrointestinal bleeds (i.e. history of gastrointestinal ulcer/haemorrhage, anticoagulant therapy, chronic NSAID/corticosteroid use or two or more of the following
    • Age =65 years, dyspepsia, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, Helicobacter pylori infection, chronic alcohol use).
    • Avoid Omeprazole and Esomeprazole in patients taking Clopidogrel.
  • Antithrombotic strategies in NSTEMI and non-valvular AF
    • In patients with a firm indication for OAC (e.g. atrial fibrillation with a CHA2DS2-VASc score =2, OAC is recommended in addition to antiplatelet therapy.
    • An early invasive coronary angiography (within 24 h) should be considered in moderate- to high-risk patients, irrespective of OAC exposure, to expedite treatment allocation (medical vs. PCI vs. CABG) and to determine the optimal antithrombotic regimen.
    • Initial dual antiplatelet therapy with Aspirin plus a P2Y12 inhibitor in addition to OAC before coronary angiography is not recommended.
  • Coronary Angiography
    • In the setting of NSTEACS management, coronary angiography is performed partly for diagnostic reasons to confirm the presence of coronary artery disease, but more importantly as a means of identifying patients in whom coronary revascularization by PCI or CABG would be appropriate.
    • Coronary artery disease. Significant CAD on invasive coronary angiography is = 70% diameter stenosis of at least one major epicardial artery segment or =50% diameter stenosis in the left main coronary artery
    • It is important to recognise that the assessed risk of death or further cardiac event on its own does not always equate with a patients capacity to benefit from coronary revascularisation. It is very important in making the decision as to whether to embark on the pathway of coronary angiography +/- coronary revascularisation, to take into account other factors such as clinical context, co-morbidity, contraindications and, importantly, patient preference.
    • Assess Patient Suitability after careful evaluation of potential risks and benefits, o Clinical context: pre-morbid functional status, frailty etc. Co-morbidity: including known severe peripheral vascular disease, COPD, renal impairment, previous strokes, co-existent malignancy etc
    • Careful attention should be given to ensuring that patients understand the potential benefits and risks of the treatment options proposed and why other options are not proposed. It is important that realistic estimates of risk, discomfort and benefits are given in order to avoid unrealistic expectations.
  • Patient selection for angiography +/- coronary revascularisation
    • Very high risk An immediate invasive strategy (<2 h) is recommended in patients with at least one of the following very-high-risk criteria: Haemodynamic instability or cardiogenic shock. Recurrent or ongoing chest pain refractory to medical treatment. Life-threatening arrhythmias or cardiac arrest. Mechanical complications of MI. Acute heart failure with refractory angina or ST deviation. Recurrent dynamic ST- or T-wave changes, particularly with intermittent ST elevation.
    • High Risk An early invasive strategy (<24 h) is recommended in patients with at least one of the following high-risk criteria: Rise or fall in cardiac troponin compatible with MI. Dynamic ST- or T-wave changes (symptomatic or silent) GRACE score >140.
    • Intermediate Risk An invasive strategy (<72 h) is recommended in patients with at least one of the following intermediate-risk criteria: Diabetes mellitus, Renal insufficiency (eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2), LVEF <40% or CHF, Early post-infarction angina, Recent PCI, Prior CABG, GRACE risk score >109 and <140, or recurrent
References